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教
案
课程名称：植物学（英文）
授课学时：64
授课班级：中加林学 141, 151
任课教师：张启香
浙江农林大学
浙江农林大学林业与生物技术学院教师《植物学》
（英语）教案
第
Content
1 次课
Chapter 1 introduction（understand）
This chapter introduces you to botany: what it is, how it
developed, how it relates to our everyday lives, and what its potential is
Goals
for the future. And understand how humans have impacted their
environment, etc.
Emphases
Early History and Development of Plant Study
Nodus
Plant Sciences and the Future
Teaching
facility
Multimedia
教
教学环节
学 过 程
教 学 内 容 提 纲
教学法及
说明事项
Chapter 1 introduction（understand）
Teaching and
discussion
（2 个班，
2 节）
理论教学
1.1
Early History and Development of Plant
Study
The study of plants, called botany----from three
Greek words botanikos(botanical), botane(plant or
herb), and boskein(to feed) and the French word
botanique(botanical). Many inquisitiveness led to plant
study becoming a science.
1.2
The First Microscopes
First microscope is made by Janssen brothers in
1590, who were opticians in Holland. Light
microscopes, provide basic information about cell
structure and some of the bodies within cells, the
development of electron microscopes has revealed
detailed images of tiny structures within cells.
1.3
Diversification of Plant Study
Plant study is diversiform, such as Plant anatomy,
Plant physiology, Plant taxonomy, Genetics, Cell
biology, Economic Botany, etc.
1.4
Plant Sciences and the Future
It appears probable that at the start of the 21st century,
at least one –third of all the organisms regarded in the past
as plants have yet to be named, let alone thoroughly
investigated and understood.
浙江农林大学林业与生物技术学院教师《植物学》
（英语）教案
第
2 次课
Chapter 2 Cell
Content
In this chapter, we should understand the history of cell
discovery and the development of the cell theory .Differences between
prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are also understood. And we also
Goals
master the cell structure and communication and the cell cycle,
including interphase as well as mitosis and cytokineses, and concludes
with a brief comparison of plant and animal cells.
Emphases
Cell Size and Structure；Communication Between Cells
Nodus
Communication Between Cells
Teaching
facility
Multimedia
教
教学环节
学 过 程
教 学 内 容 提 纲
理论教学
Chapter 2 Cell
2.1
Eukaryotic versus Prokaryotic Cells
（understand）
1
Prokaryotic cells : cells without nuclei and
some other features are called prokaryotic cells, such as
bacteria.
2
Eukaryotic cells: distinguish from prokaryotic
cells, there are nuclei and organelles are called
Eukaryotic cells.
3
The homology and difference between
Prokaryotic cells and Eukaryotic cells.
教学法及
说明事项
Teaching and
discussion
（2 个班，
2 节）
2.2 Cell Size and Structure（understand）
1
cell size: The diameter of most cells is less
than 30μm.
2
cell structure
Cell wall: It is composed of three parts: middle
lamella, primary walls, secondary walls.
Plasma membrane: the outer boundary of the living
part of the cell. It has delicate, semipermeable
structure.
The nucleus: it is composed of nuclear envelope,
nucleoli, chromatin, and other materials.
Cytoplasm: All cellular components between the
plasma membrane and nucleus.
Organelles : which are persistent structures of
various shapes and size with specialized functions in
the cell.
2.3 Celluar Reproduction（understand）
1 The cell cycle: It is divided into interphase and
mitosis, and mitosis can be subdivided into four phase:
that is, Prophase; Metaphase; Anaphase; and
Telophase. 2 The characteries of interphase and
mitosis.
Interphase
These intervals are divided into gap1,synthesis,and
gap2.
G1:Cell size increase, RNA,riobsomes and
substances synthesised;
S: DNA and some proteins synthesised;
G2:be ready for mitosis.
mitosis
Prophase : (1)
thicker;
chromosomes become shorter and
(2) the nuclear envelope fragment and the
nucleolus disappear.
metaphase
(1) Spindle appears; (2) The chromosomes arrange in
the center of the cell, this invisible circular plate, called
the equator.
Anaphase
(1)
Sister chromatids separating;
(2)
Daughter chromosomes appear, and to be pulled
toward the poles.
Telophase
(1) each group of daughter chromosomes surrounded by
a reformed nuclear envelope;
(2) the daughter chromosomes become longer and
thinner and finally become indistinguishable;
(3) nucleoli reappear; (4) many of the spindle fibers
disintegrate; (5) a cell plate forms. 2.4
Communication Between Cells（master）
Plasmodesmata: minute strands of protoplasm that
extend via tiny desmotubules through the walls
between cells.
2.5 Higher Plant Cells versus
（understand）
1 The structure of Animal cell.
Animal
Cells
2 The structure of Plant cell.
3 The difference between animal cells and plant cells.
浙江农林大学林业与生物技术学院教师《植物学》
（英语）教案
第
Content
Chapter 3
3 次课
Tissues
In chapter 3, we will discussion of meristems(apical meristems,
vascular cambium, cork cambium, intercalary meristems) and
Goals
non-meristematic tissues (parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma,
secretory tissues, xylem, phloem, epidermis, periderm )forms the body.
Communication Between Cells;
Emphases
Nodus
Tissue’s Type, Origin, Distribution and Function
Communication Between Cells; Conducting tissue
Multimedia
Teaching
facility
教
教学环节
学 过 程
教 学 内 容 提 纲
理论教学
教学法及
说明事项
Teaching and
discussion
（2 个班，
2 节）
Chapter 3
3.1
Tissues
Meristematic Tissues
1
Apical meristems
2
Lateral meristems
Vascular cambium;
Cork cambium
3
3.2
Intercalary meristems
Nonmeristematic Tissues
1 Simple tissues
Parenchyma
Collenchyma
Sclerenchyma
2
Complex tissues
Xylem
Phloem
Epidermis
Periderm
Secretory cells and tissues
浙江农林大学林业与生物技术学院教师《植物学》
（英语）教案
第
Chapter 3
Content
Tissues;
Chapter 4
4 次课
Roots
In chapter 3, we will discussion of non-meristematic tissues
(parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma, secretory tissues, xylem,
phloem, epidermis, periderm )forms the body.
In chapter 4, we will discuss roots, beginning with the functions
Goals
and continuing with the development of roots from a seed. It covers the
function and structure of the root cap, region of cell division, region of
elongation, and region of maturation. The endodermis and pericycle are
also dicussed.
Tissue’s Type, Origin, Distribution and Function;
Emphases
Root Primary Structure and Secondary Structure
Nodus
Conducting tissue;
Teaching
facility
Root Secondary Growth
Multimedia
教
教学环节
学 过 程
教 学 内 容 提 纲
理论教学
Chapter 3 Tissues
3.2 Nonmeristematic Tissues
1 Simple tissues
Parenchyma
Collenchyma
Sclerenchyma
3
Complex tissues
Xylem
Phloem
Epidermis
教学法及
说明事项
Teaching and
discussion
（2 个班，
2 节）
Periderm
Secretory cells and tissues
Chapter 4
Roots
4.1 Roots and Root Systems
Embryo(胚)
4.2
Radicle
Plumule
Hypocotyl
Cotyledon
Roots and Root Systems
Normal root
Roots
Adventitious root
Taproot system
Root system (根系)
Fibrous system
4.3 Root growth and structure
(一) Primary growth and primary structure
4.3.1 Root Structure（master）
1 the root cap
(1) Short- lived parenchyma cells
(2) Protect the apical meristem
(3) Secret a slimy substance a slimy lubricant(润滑剂)
(4) Perceives gravity and control the direction of root
growth
2 the region of cell division
Promeristem
Initial cells + Quiescent center
Protoderm
Primary meristem
Ground meristem
Procambium
3 the region of elongation
(1) Cells rapidly grow;
(2) There is 1 (or 2) central vacuole in the cell.
4
the region of maturation
浙江农林大学林业与生物技术学院教师《植物学》
（英语）教案
第
Chapter 4
Content
5 次课
Roots
In this chapter, we will discuss secondary structure of the root
and specialized roots(food-storage roots, water-storage roots,
propagative roots, pneumatophores, aerial roots, contractile roots,
Goals
buttress roots, parasitic roots) and mycorrhizae are given brief
treatment. This is followed by some observations on the economic
importance of roots.
Emphases
Nodus
Root Primary Structure and Secondary Structure
Root Secondary Growth
Teaching
facility
Multimedia
教
教学环节
学 过 程
教 学 内 容 提 纲
理论教学
Chapter 4
Roots
4.1 Root Structure（master）
1
2
3
4
the root cap
the region of cell division
the region of elongation
the region of maturation
The primary structure of root
Epidermis
Cortex
Endodermis
Pericycle
Primary phloem
Primary xylem
Pith
教学法及
说明事项
Teaching and
discussion
（2 个班，
2 节）
The secondary structure of root
Vascular cambium
Origin:1) Parts of the pericycle ;
2) parenchyma cells between the xylem
arms and phloem patches.
Action: Secondary vascular tissues
Vascular cambium
Secondary xylem
Xylem ray
secondary phloem
Phloem ray
Cork cambium
Origin: pericycle
Action:
Periderm (Cork tissue)
Cork (phellem)
Cork cambium (phellogen)
Phelloderm
Root nodule and mycorrhiza
Periderm
浙江农林大学林业与生物技术学院教师《植物学》
（英语）教案
第
Content
Chapter 5
6 次课
Stems
In this lesson, we will discuss the origin and development of
stems. Items such as the apical meristem and the tissues derived from it,
Goals
leaf gaps, cambis, primary tissues, and lenticels included. This
discussion is followed by notes on the distinctions between herbaceous
and woody dicot stems and monocot stems.
Stem Primary Structure and Secondary Structure
Emphases
Wood Structure
Nodus
Teaching
facility
Wood Structure
Multimedia
教
教学环节
学 过 程
教 学 内 容 提 纲
理论教学
Chapter 4 Root
4.2 Specialized Roots（understand）
Fleshy tap root
Storage root
Root tuber
Prop root
Aerial root
Climbing root
Respiratory root
Parasitic root
教学法及
说明事项
Teaching and
discussion
（2 个班，
2 节）
Chapter 5 Stems
5.1
External Form of a Woody Twig
（understand）
Node
Internode
Leaf scar
bundle scar
Terminal bud
buds
Kinds of buds
Growth habit and types of branching
Erect stem
Growth habit
Climbing stem
Voluble stem
Stolon
Monopodial branching
Types of
Branching
sympodial branching
False dichotomous branching
浙江农林大学林业与生物技术学院教师《植物学》
（英语）教案
第
Chapter 5
Content
7 次课
Stems
In this lesson, we will discuss secondary tissues, and lenticels
included. This discussion is followed by notes on the distinctions
Goals
between herbaceous and woody dicot stems and monocot stems. This
section covers annual rings, rays, heartwood and sapwood, resin canals,
bark, and vascular bundles.
Secondary Structure
Emphases
Nodus
Wood Structure
Teaching
facility
Multimedia
教
教学环节
Wood Structure
学 过 程
教 学 内 容 提 纲
理论教学
Chapter 5 Stems
5.2 Origin and Development of Stems（master）
1 Primary growth and primary structure
(1) Shoot tip
Apical meristems
Form
Leaf primordia 叶原基, bud primordia 芽
原基, leaves
The region of cell division
Structure
The region of elongation
The region of maturation
(2) Primary structure of dicotyledonous stem
教学法及
说明事项
Teaching and
discussion
（2 个班，
2 节）
Tunica-corpus theory
Protoderm
Primary meristem
Ground meristem
Procambium
Epidermis
Primary structure
Cortex
Vascular cylinder
Primary xylem
Fascicular cambium
Vascular Bundle
Primary phloem
Pith ray
Pith
(3) Primary structure of monocotyledonous stem
Epidermis
Ground tissue (parenchyma)
(Pith cavity)
Bundle sheath
Vascular bundles
Primary xylem
Primary phloem
Vascular
(1) Radiate-root
bundle
(2) Discrete-shoot of dicots
(3) Scattered---shoot of monocots
浙江农林大学林业与生物技术学院教师《植物学》
（英语）教案
第
Chapter 5
Content
8 次课
Stems
In this lesson, we will discuss secondary tissues, and lenticels
included. This discussion is followed by notes on the distinctions
Goals
between herbaceous and woody dicot stems and monocot stems. This
section covers annual rings, rays, heartwood and sapwood, resin canals,
bark, and vascular bundles.
Secondary Structure
Emphases
Nodus
Wood Structure
Teaching
facility
Multimedia
教
教学环节
Wood Structure
学 过 程
教 学 内 容 提 纲
理论教学
Chapter 5
5.3
Stems
Tissue Patterns in Stems（master）
1
steles
2
Herbaceous Dicotyledonous Stems
3
Woody Dicotyledonous Stems
Secondary growth and secondary structure of
gymnosperms stem and dicotyledonous woody stem
教学法及
说明事项
Teaching and
discussion
（2 个班，
2 节）
Vascular Cambium
Origin:
Fascicular cambium
+
Interfascicular cambium
Secondary xylem
Xylem ray
Vascular Cambium
Secondary phloem
Phloem ray
Cork cambium
Origin: pericycle
Action:
Periderm (Cork tissue)
Cork (phellem)
Cork cambium (phellogen)
Periderm
Phelloderm
Secondary growth and secondary structure of
gymnosperms stem and dicotyledonous woody stem
Secondary xylem
Annual ring
Early wood (spring wood)
Late wood (summer wood)
Sapwood
Heartwood
cross section
木材三切面
radial section
tangential section
浙江农林大学林业与生物技术学院教师《植物学》
（英语）教案
第
Content
Chapter 5
Stems
Chapter 6
9 次课
Leaves
In Chapter 5 , we will discuss the Transition zone(过渡区) of
root and stem, and Specialized stems.
Goals
In Chapter 6, we will introduces leaves by comparing them with
solar panels and by discussing their general functions, morphology, and
dimensions.
Emphases
Nodus
Teaching
facility
Internal Structure of Leaves
Abscission
Multimedia
教
教学环节
学 过 程
教 学 内 容 提 纲
理论教学
Chapter 5
Stems
Transition zone of root and stem
Division
Rotation
Connection
5.4 Specialized Stems（understand）
Stem thorn
Aerial stem
Stem tendril
Fleshy stem
Phylloid (cladophyll)
Rhizome
Underground
Stem tube (tuber)
Corm
教学法及
说明事项
Teaching and
discussion
（2 个班，
2 节）
Bulb
5.5 Wood and Its Uses（understand）
Chapter 6
Leaves
1
Various types of leaves
2
Leaf Morphology
2.1
Leaf Composition
2.2
Leaf morphology
2.3
Single leaf and compound leaf
2.4
Veination
2.5
Leaf arrangement and types—phyllotaxy
2.6
The internal structure of leaves
(1) The internal structure of laminas
Epidermis
(upper, lower)
Mesophyll
Veins
(2) Dorsi-ventral leaf and Isobilateral leaf
(A)
Dorsi-ventral leaf
(B)
Isobilateral leaf
(Bifacial leaf)
浙江农林大学林业与生物技术学院教师《植物学》
（英语）教案
第
Chapter 6 Leaves;
Content
10 次课
Chapter 7 Flowers, fruits and seeds
In Chapter 6, we will introduces abscission, the process by which
the leaves are shed is called abscission. Abscission occurs as a result of
Goals
changes that take place in an abscission zone near the base of the petiole
of each leaf. In chapter 7, we will discuss the structure of flower.
Differences between dicots and monocots.
Development and Structure of Stamen;
Emphases
Development and Structure of Pistil.
Abscission;
Nodus
Development and Structure of Stamen;
Development and Structure of Pistil.
Teaching
facility
Multimedia
教
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学 过 程
教 学 内 容 提 纲
理论教学
Chapter 6
3
Leaves
Abscission (落叶)
Abscission zone(离区)
Separation layer（离层）
Chapter 7 Flowers, fruits and seeds
1
Differences between dicots and monocots
Dicots
(1) Seed with two cotyledons;
(2) Flower parts in four or five;
(3) Leaf with a network veins;
教学法及
说明事项
Teaching and
discussion
（2 个班，
2 节）
(4) Vascular cambium and cork cambium present;
(5) Vascular bundles of stem in a ring;
(6) Pollen grains with three apertures.
Monocots
(1) Seed with one cotyledon;
(2) Flower parts in three;
(3) Leaf with parallel veins ;
(4) Vascular cambium and cork cambium absent;
(5) Vascular bundles of stem scattered;
(6) Pollen grains with one aperture.
2
Structure of flowers
(1) Incomplete flower
A flower which abscent any of the six parts.
(2) Complete flower
A flower which have the six parts.
①Calyx
= Sepals
②Corolla = petals
③ Perianth（calyx and corolla）
Dichlamydeous flower
Monochlamydeous flower
achlamydeous flower
④Gynoecium = pistils
Ovaries first developed when the margins of
leaves bearing ovules rolled inward. Such
ovule-bearing leaves were called carpels.
Pistil types
Single pistil
Apocarpous pistil
Compound pistil
⑤Androecium= stamens
(3)Inflorescences
Inflorescences are groups of several to
hundreds of flowers, they have many little stalks
called pedicels.
(4) Composition of gramineal flower
①Lemma、palea;
②Two lodicules ;
③Three to six stamens ;
④A featherlike pistil
浙江农林大学林业与生物技术学院教师《植物学》
（英语）教案
第
Chapter 7
Content
11 次课
Flowers, fruits and seeds
In this lesson, we will discuss the structure and development of
Goals
gametophytes.
Emphases
The structure of carple, ovule, embryo-sac, and male gametophyte.
Nodus
The structure of ovule, embryo-sac, and pollen grain.
Teaching
facility
Multimedia
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Chapter 7
3
Flowers, fruits and seeds
Development of gametophytes
3.1 Development of female gametophyte
（1）Stigma and style
（2）Development and structure of Ovule
Integument、Funiculus、
Micropyle、Chalaza、Nucellus.
(3) The development and structure of Embryo-sac
Ⅰ The development of Embryo-sac
Megasporocyte
four megaspores
three megaspores degenerate
two-nucleared sac
Four-nucleared sac
eight-nucleared sac
Female gametophyte
教学法及
说明事项
Teaching and
discussion
（2 个班，
2 节）
Ⅱ
The structure of Embryo-sac
Integument, funiculus, micropyle，antipodal, central
cell, egg, synergid.
3.2
Development of male gametophyte
Microsporocytes
quartets of microspores
microspores
4
pollen grains
Flowering and pollination
（1）Flowering
（2）Pollination
Pollination is the transfer of pollen grains from an
anther to a stigma.
Self-pollination
Pollination types
Cross-pollination
Anemophilous
Pollination medium
传粉媒介
Entomophilous
Hydrophily
浙江农林大学林业与生物技术学院教师《植物学》
（英语）教案
第
12 次课
Chapter 7 Flowers, fruits and seeds
Content
In this lesson, will discuss the growth of pollen tube; double
Goals
fertilization of angiosperm; and the life cycle of a typical flowering
plant.
Emphases
Double fertilization; the life cycle of a typical flowering plant.
Nodus
Double fertilization; the life cycle of a typical flowering plant.
Teaching
facility
Multimedia
教
教学环节
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教 学 内 容 提 纲
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Chapter 7 Flowers, fruits and seeds
5
Fertilization
Fertilization:
The fusing of egg and sperm, and the process of
froming a zygote.
（1）The growth of pollen tube
Pollen grain and stigma recognition each other, if
they are compatible, the pollen grain will absorb fluids
from the stigma.
（2）Double fertilization of angiosperm
Double fertilization
The process of the two sperms in the pollen tube unite
with the egg nucleus and the central cell nuclei
respectively.
教学法及
说明事项
Teaching
and
discussion
（2 个班，2
节）
（3） Life cycle of a typical flowering plant
ⅰ) The development and structure of Embryo-sac
Ⅰ The development of Embryo-sac
Megasporocyte
four megaspores
megaspores degenerate
Four-nucleared sac
three
two-nucleared sac
eight-nucleared sac
Female gametophyte
Ⅱ Development of male gametophyte
Microsporocytes
microspores
quartets of microspores
pollen grains
ⅱ)
Pollination
ⅲ)
Double fertilization
ⅳ)
A zygote develops into an embryo; endosperm
nucleus develop into endosperm.
ⅴ)
ovary develops into fruit; ovule develops into seed.
ⅵ)
when a seed is plant, it will germinate in suitable
situation.
ⅶ)
and then it will develop into a small sporophyte,
when it mature, it will flower, and then begin another
cycle.
浙江农林大学林业与生物技术学院教师《植物学》
（英语）教案
第
Chapter 7
Content
13 次课
Flowers, fruits and seeds
In this lesson, we will discuss Apomixis and Parthenocarpy, Fruits and
Seeds. Seed structure of
dicotyledon(双子叶植物), Seed
Goals
structure of monocotyledon (单子叶植物), Germination and
development of the seedling of dicot and monocot.
Apomixis and Parthenocarpy;
Emphases
Seed structure of dicotyledon and monocotyledon
Apomixis and Parthenocarpy;
Nodus
Seed structure of dicotyledon and monocotyledon
Teaching
facility
Multimedia
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学 过 程
教 学 内 容 提 纲
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Chapter 7
Flowers, fruits and seeds
（5）Apomixis and Parthenocarpy
Apomixis
：An embryo develop from a 2n cell of an
ovule, instead of from a zygote.
Parthenocarpy
Vegetative parthenocarpy
Stimulative parthenocarpy
5
Fruits and Seeds
5.1
Fruits
(1)
Fruit regions
(2)
True fruit and Pseudocarp
True fruit : Fruits consist of only the ovary and its
seeds.
教学法及
说明事项
Teaching
and
discussion
（2 个班，2
节）
Pseudocarp : Fruits consist of ovary, seeds and other
adjacent flower parts, such as the receptacle or calyx, etc.
(3)
Kinds of fruits
Simple fruit ;
Aggregate fruit ;
Multiple fruit .
5.2
Seeds
(1)
Structure
Hilum ; Micropyle
Seed coat
seed
Embryo
Endosperm(or not).
ⅰ) Seed structure of
dicotyledon
ⅱ) Seed structure of monocotyledon
(2) Germination
ⅰ) Germination: the beginning growth of a seed.
ⅱ) Dormancy
ⅲ) After-ripening: The process that the seeds will not
germinate after the fruit has dropped until the embryo has
developed fully with the aid of food materials stored in its
endosperm.
ⅰ) Germination and development of the seedling
ⅱ) Germination and development of the seedling
浙江农林大学林业与生物技术学院教师《植物学》
（英语）教案
第 14 次课
Chapter 8
Content
Plant
Groups
In this lesson, we will discuss Algae,
Fungi, Lichens. and know
Goals
the major groups and typical plant of algae, fungi and lichens.
The species of each group, and the life cycle of a typical species
Emphases
of every group.
Nodus
The life cycle of a typical species of every group
Teaching
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Chapter 8 Plant Groups
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and
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（2 个班，2 节）
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Kingdom Monera
(1) Bacteria
(2) Blue-green algae
Kingdom Protista
(1)
(2)
Eukaryotic cell
A single cell
1
1.1
Algae
Prokaryotic Algae
Cyanophyta , Blue-green algae
Cyanobacteria; Blue-green bacteria
(1)
Form;
(2)
Structure;
(3)
Reproduction;
(4)
Distribution;
(5)
Representative plants.
1.2 Eukaryotic Algae
绿藻门
1.2.1
(Chlorophyta)
1.2.2
褐藻门(Phaeophyta)
1.2.3
裸藻门 (Euglenophyta)
2
Fungi
2.1
Phylum Chytridiomycota-The Chytrids (壶菌)
2.2
Phylum Zygomycota (接合菌)
2.3
Phylum Ascomycota—
The Ascomycetes (Sac Fungi) 子囊菌
2.4
Phylum Basidiomycota 担子菌—
The Basidiomycetes (Club Fungi)
2.5
Phylum Deuteromycota—
The Deuteromycetes (Imperfect Fungi)半知菌
3
Lichens
(1)
Crustose lichens
(2)
A foliose lichen
(3)
Fruticose lichens
浙江农林大学林业与生物技术学院教师《植物学》
（英语）教案
第 15 次课
Content
Chapter 8
Plant Groups
In this lesson, we will discuss Kingdom Byrophyte, Ferns
Goals
and Gymnosperms.
Emphases
Nodus
Byrophyte, Ferns and Gymnosperms
Alternation of Generations of Byrophyte, Ferns and Gymnosperms
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Chapter 8 Plant Groups
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（2 个班，2 节）
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4
4.1
Bryophytes
Phylum Hepaticophyta 苔纲
----Marchantia (地钱目) -Liverworts 地钱
4.2
Phylum Anthocerphyta 角苔目
----Hornworts 角苔
4.3
Phylum Bryophyta 藓纲
----Mosses 苔藓
(1)
Structure, Form, and Classes
(2)
Sexual Reproduction
5
Ferns
Four phyla
(1) Phylum Psilotophyta(松叶蕨门) (whisk ferns).
(2) Phylum Lycophyta(石松门) (club mosses( 石松 )
and quillworts(水韭) ).
(3) Phylum Equisetophyta(木贼门) (horsetails and
scouring rushes).
(4) Phylum Polypodiophyta(真蕨门) ( ferns).
5.1 Phylum Psilotophyta
松叶蕨门(whisk ferns).
5.2 Phylum Lycophyta 石松亚门
—The Ground Pines, Spike
Mosses, and Quillworts
(1) Lycopodium-Ground Pines (扁叶石松)
(2) Selaginella—Spike Mosses 卷柏
(3) Isoetes — Quillworts (水韭)
5.3 Phylum Equisetophyt —木贼亚门
The Horsetails and Scouring Rushes(木贼)
5.4
Phylum Polypodiophyta 真蕨门
—The Ferns
6
6.1
Gymnosperms
Phylum Pinophyta
-- The Conifers
(1) Structure and Form
(2) Reproduction
ⅰ) Development of microspores
ⅱ) Development of megaspores
6.2 Phylum Ginkgophyta- Ginkgo
6.3
Phylum Cycadophyta
-- The Cycads 苏铁
6.4
Phylum Gnetophyta
--The Gnetophytes
浙江农林大学林业与生物技术学院教师《植物学》
（英语）教案
第 16 次课
Content
Chapter
9
Foundation of Plant Taxonomy
In this lesson, we will discuss the problems involved in the
Goals
use of common names for plants; development and acceptance
of Linnaeus′s Binomial System of Nomenclature.
Emphases
Linnaeus′s Binomial System of Nomenclature.
Nodus
Linnaeus′s Binomial System of Nomenclature.
Teaching
facility
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Chapter 9
Foundation of Plant Taxonomy
Plant Names and Classification
(1) Many common names may be given to the same
organism(synonym).
(2) One common name may be applied to a number of
different organisms (homonym).
1 Development of the Binomial system of
Nomenclature
(1) Theophrastus---- 4th-century B.C. on the basis of
leaf characteristics.
(2) It was not until the 13th century A.D. that a
distinction was made between monocots and dicots on
the basis of stem structure.
(3) By the beginning of the 18th century, details of
fruit and flower structure, in addition to form and
教学法及
说明事项
Teaching and
discussion
（2 个班，2 节）
habit, were used in classification schemes.
(4) Descriptive Latin phrase names were used for all
organisms by the 18th century. All organisms were
grouped into, with the first word of the Latin phrase
indicating the particular genus to which the organisms
belonged.
2 The International Code of Botanical Nomenclature
If a botanist finds a plant that is new to science,
the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature(国
际植物命名法规) requires that he or she take at least
two steps to have the plant officially recognized.
(1) A Latin description of the plant must be published
in a journal or other publication that is circulated and
available to the public. Distributed mimeographed
material, for example, is not an acceptable form of
“publication.”
(2) An annotated herbarium specimen of the plant,
designated by the author as a type specimen, must be
deposited in an herbarium to which the public may
have access.
浙江农林大学林业与生物技术学院教师《植物学》
（英语）教案
第 17 次课
Content
Chapter 9
Foundation of Plant Taxonomy
In this lesson, we will discuss the history of the
development of a six-kingdom classification is presented, along
Goals
with a list of the divisions and classes included in the kingdoms
covered in this text.
Methods of Plant Taxonomy
Emphases
Morphological terms
Nodus
Teaching
facility
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教
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Chapter 9
3
(1)
Foundation of Plant Taxonomy
Development of the Kingdom Concept
Linnaeus
Plant Kingdom
Animal Kingdom
(2)
J. Hogg and Ernst Haeckel(1860s)
Protoctista(e.g., algae, fungi, and sponges)
Plant Kingdom
Animal Kingdom
(3)
Herbert F. Copeland (1938)
Monera (all single-celled organisms with
prokaryotic cells)
Protoctista (e.g., algae, fungi, and sponges)
Plant Kingdom
Animal Kingdom
教学法及
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Teaching
and
discussion
（2 个班，2 节）
(4)
R. H. Whittaker (1969)
Monera (all single-celled organisms with
prokaryotic cells)
Protoctista (e.g., algae and sponges)
Fungi (cell wall composition: chitin)
Plant Kingdom
Animal Kingdom
(5)
Carl Woese (1980s)
Bacteria
Archaea (lack of
walls,
muramic acid in their
including methane bacteria,
salt bacteria, sulfolobus bacteria).
Protoctista (e.g., algae and sponges)
Fungi (cell wall composition: chitin)
Plant Kingdom
Animal Kingdom
(6)
James Lake
Bacteria
Archaea
Protoctista (e.g., algae(cell wall
composition: cellulose) and
sponges(no cell wall))
Fungi (cell wall composition: chitin)
Plant Kingdom
Animal Kingdom
(7) 陈世骧
Virus
Bacteria
Archaea
Protoctista (e.g., algae and sponges)
Fungi (cell wall composition: chitin)
Plant Kingdom
Animal Kingdom
浙江农林大学林业与生物技术学院教师《植物学》
（英语）教案
第 18 次课
Content
Chapter
Goals
9
Foundation of Plant Taxonomy
In this lesson, we discussed Classification of Major Groups
Emphases
Methods of Plant Taxonomy
Nodus
Morphological terms
Teaching
facility
Multimedia
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Chapter 9
1
Foundation of Plant Taxonomy
Classification of Major Groups
Onion(洋葱)
Kingdom 界: Plantae
Phylum 门: Magnoliophyta
Class 纲: Liliopsida
Order 目: Liliales
Family 科: Liliaceae
Genus 属: Allium
Species 种: Alliumcepa L.
Salix babylonica L. 垂柳
Kingdom: Plantae
Phylum: Spermatophyta
Subphylum:
Angiospermae
Class: Dicotyledoneae
Order: Salicales
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Family: Salicaceae
Genus: Salix
Species：Salix babylonica L.
2
Hypothetical derivations and relationships
among kingdoms and the major groups of
organisms
浙江农林大学林业与生物技术学院教师《植物学》
（英语）教案
第 19 次课
Seminar
Content
Discuss some concepts and questions about root, stem, and
Goals
leave
Emphases
Nodus
Teaching
facility
Multimedia
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Seminar(1)
1 Discuss concepts and questions of flower, fruit,
and seed
教学法及
说明事项
Teaching
and
discussion
（2 个班，2 节）
浙江农林大学林业与生物技术学院教师《植物学》
（英语）教案
第 20 次课
Seminar
Content
Goals
Discuss concepts and questions of flower, fruit, and seed
Emphases
Nodus
Teaching
facility
Multimedia
教
教学环节
学 过 程
教 学 内 容 提 纲
理论教学
Seminar(2)
2 Discuss concepts and questions of flower, fruit,
and seed
教学法及
说明事项
Teaching
and
discussion
（2 个班，2 节）