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Pathways for Writing Scenarios:
From Sentence to Paragraph, Second Edition
Chapter 8
Prepared by Joanna Chrzanowski, Ph.D.
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Chapter 8:
Using Modifiers to Add Detail
To understand the value of modifiers, read the sample paragraph
and the revised paragraph below:
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Chapter 8:
Using Prepositional Phrases to Add
Detail
A preposition links its object (a noun or pronoun) to the rest of the
sentence. Prepositions often show relationship of time, place,
direction, or manner.
Prepositions show other relationships as well, usually variations on
time, place, direction, and manner.
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Chapter 8:
Common Prepositions
Become familiar with the following common prepositions:
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Chapter 8:
Prepositional Phrases
A prepositional phrase consists of a preposition and the object of the
preposition (a noun or pronoun). It may also include words that
modify the object:
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Chapter 8:
Using Prepositional Phrases to Expand
Sentences
Look at how you can use prepositional phrases to add detail to your
sentences and expand them:
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Chapter 8:
Punctuating Prepositional Phrases
To use prepositional phrases effectively, you must also punctuate
them correctly:
Chapter 8:
Using –ing Phrases to Add Detail
Another way to add detail to your writing is to use –ing phrases to
expand your sentences (running, walking, calling). An –ing phrase
functions as an adjective that modifies a noun or pronoun.
The phrase walking slowly describes the couple. The phrase sitting on
the sofa describes Sally.
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Chapter 8:
Using –ing Phrases to Add Detail
You can also use –ing phrases to combine ideas from two sentences
into a single sentence.
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Chapter 8:
Punctuating –ing Phrases
Remember the following rules for punctuating –ing phrases:
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Chapter 8:
Using Who, Which, and That Relative
Clauses to Add Detail
A clause is a group of words that has a subject ands a verb.
Clauses that begin with who, which, and that are called relative (or
adjective) clauses because they relate one idea to another. Relative
clauses add variety to your writing as well as interesting detail.
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Chapter 8:
Placement of Relative Clauses
Who, which, and that clauses usually come directly after the words
they relate to or modify.
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Chapter 8:
Punctuating Relative Clauses
Note the following guidelines for punctuation relative clauses:
1.A relative clause is never a sentence by itself.
2.If the relative clause is essential to the meaning of the sentence,
no punctuation is needed.
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Chapter 8:
Punctuating Relative Clauses
3. If the relative clause is not essential to the meaning of the
sentence, then it should be separated from the remainder of the
sentence by commas.
Nonessential
Essential
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Chapter 8:
Writing Success Tip 8
Avoiding Slang Expressions
Slang refers to informal, casual
expressions used by specific
groups to identify themselves as a
group (e.g., teenagers). Slang
changes rapidly and is not widely
understood by those outside its
group of origin.
Slang can interfere with effective
communication if your reader is
unfamiliar with the slang you are
suing. It suggests a casualness
and familiarity that may be not
appropriate for your reader.
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