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Adjectives What are they? Definition--Adjective A word that describes a person, place, thing, or idea (noun). Provides information about the size, shape, color, texture, feeling, sound, smell, number, or condition of a noun or pronoun. Definitions Modify---Describe For example, in the following sentence, tall modifies (describes) the word girl: That tall girl is Shelley. Antecedent---Word that another word refers to For example, in the following sentence, girl is the antecedent to the word tall: That tall girl is Shelley. What questions do they answer? Which Whose What kind How many How much What question does it answer? Examples: The large crowd of visitors examines the huge painting. The painting is realistic and timeless. “large” tells “how much” crowd “huge” tells “what kind” of painting “The” tells “which one” (usually articles tell which one) “realistic” and “timeless” tell “what kind” The valuable statue is the only one of its kind. “The” tells “which one” “valuable” tells “what kind” of statue “its” tells “whose” kind (possessives usually tell whose) What questions do the adjectives in the following sentences answer? Numerous flights have been diverted or delayed at the Birmingham Airport. Faulty instrument approach system on the main runway is to blame. Write adjectives that could be used to answer each of the “adjective questions.” You must write at least 5 in each category. Which (which one): Whose: What kind: How much: How many: 1. Identify the adjectives. 2. Identify their antecedents. 3. Tell what question each answers. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Even as a young boy, Orville Wright was always curious about the sciences. His inventive mind led him to experiment with new forms of transportation. When he opened a new shop to sell bicycles, he was thinking about bigger things. Orville’s younger brother Wilbur joined him in developing his unique plans for manned flight. Orville was dissatisfied with his early attempts at designing an airplane He was certain, however, he would succeed. He became even more eager to take to the skies. Orville Wright is now considered to be one of the greatest inventors of the century. What 7 words are ALWAYS adjectives? • Articles: – – – • A An The Possessives – My – Our – Your – Their Articles Are a special group of adjectives There are 2 kinds: indefinite and definite. Indefinite~it refers to one of a general group of people, places, things, or ideas. A~used before words beginning with a consonant sound or a long “u” sound (like university) An~used before words beginning with a vowel sound Definite~it refers to a specific person, place, thing, or idea. The~used before all specific nouns and pronouns Proper Adjectives Proper adjectives are formed from proper nouns. They should always begin with a capital letter. They are formed by adding one of the following endings to the proper noun: -an, -ese, -ian, -ish. Ex: Mexico~Mexican, China~Chinese, Canada~Canadian, Spain~Spanish Please beware that just like all other rules of American English, there are some exceptions. If you are unsure, you should check a dictionary. Write each adjective, the word it modifies, what kind of adjective it is, and what question it answers. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. The dull, dark colors are bleak. Many subjects in the paintings were hard-working. Van Gogh was unhappy. Vincent wrote long, detailed letters to his brother, Theo. Theo was devoted to Vincent. Van Gogh’s work was remarkable. His later paintings were colorful. The Sower was brilliant. Many artists in Paris became famous. The work of the artists hangs in many modern museums. Different Forms of Adjectives Positive---the regular form of the adj. Comparative---when you want to compare two (2) things Superlative---when you want to compare three (3 +) or more things Irregular---do not follow a pattern, and must be memorized or looked up in a dictionary Comparative and Superlative Forms All 1-syllable adjectives, Many 2-syllable and and some 2-syllable almost all 3 or moreadjectives (especially syllable adjectives use those ending in –y or – more or most to form le) form the the comparative and comparative and superlative forms. superlative forms with -er and -est Don’t use more or most with an adjective that already has –er or-est. This is called a double comparison, and should be avoided. You Should Write This Entire Slide!! Irregular Forms Some adjectives form the comparative and superlative forms in unusual ways that do not follow a pattern. ManyMoreMost illWorseWorst MuchMoreMost BadWorseWorst Perfect---cannot be compared since there is no such thing as more perfect or most perfect Write the comparative and superlative forms for each 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Fair Tender Difficult Earnest Responsible Easy Many Straight Muddy Cheerful Write the comparative and superlative forms for each 9. Fair Tender Difficult Earnest Responsible Easy Many Straight Muddy Fairer more tender More difficult More earnest More responsible Easier More Straighter Muddier Fairest most tender Most difficult Most earnest Most responsible Easiest Most Straightest Muddiest 10. Cheerful More cheerful Most cheerful 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Identify the adjective and its antecedent 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. The two old prospectors and a weary mule trudged across the desert. The loyal fans cheered the team in the final game. The lunch consisted of homemade soup. The European guests told interesting stories of the trip. Several silly clowns wore baggy pants. Identify the adjective and its antecedent 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. The two old prospectors and a weary mule trudged across the desert. The loyal fans cheered the team in the final game. The lunch consisted of homemade soup. The European guests told interesting stories of the trip. Several silly clowns wore baggy pants. Pronouns as Adjectives In addition to their other uses, pronouns can also be used as adjectives. Demonstrative Pronouns ~ This, That These, Those – Possessive Pronouns ~ my, our, your, her, his, its, their – This fingerprint is a blur. My thumbprint didn’t show up well! Indefinite Pronouns ~ all, each, both, few, most, some – – All fingerprints fit into one of seven patterns. Each fingerprint is unique, however. Nouns as Adjectives Nouns can be used as adjectives. In the expression “crime story,” for example, the word crime (normally used as a noun) is used to modify story. This makes crime an adjective. The fingerprint evidence convicted the murderer. She was convicted on murder charges. Concept Check: Write each noun or pronoun that is used as an adjective. Then write the word modified. Finally, write what kind of adjective it is (plain, possessive, demonstrative, indefinite, noun, article, proper) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Why do your fingerprints leave their marks on objects? The fingers have skin ridges on their surface. These ridges are coated with both sweat and body oil. When a criminal touches a surface with his fingers, these ridges leave an impression. These impressions are often not visible to the human eye. Concept Check: Write each noun or pronoun that is used as an adjective. Then write the word modified. Finally, write what kind of adjective it is (plain, possessive, demonstrative, indefinite, noun, article, proper) 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. However, detectives in a crime investigation use special chemicals to reveal those fingerprints. Police can also reveal these clues by using laser light. The first criminal convicted on fingerprint evidence was Alfred Stratton. He left his fingerprint on a cash box at the crime scene. Many criminals do not make this mistake anymore because they wear latex gloves. Noun, Pronoun, or Adjective? The way that a word is used in a sentence determines what syntax the word is. Some words may be used as nouns or as adjectives. Other words may be used as pronouns or as adjectives. Noun May I have an apple? Adjective May I have some apple juice? Pronoun This is a painting by Mary Cassatt. This painting is by Mary Cassatt. Adjective Demonstrative: Pronoun or Adjective? When they modify a noun or pronoun, they are called demonstrative (PoS) adjectives (Syntax). When they are used alone, they are called demonstrative (PoS) pronouns (Sybtax). Adjectives: These bags are heavy. That sound is annoying. Pronouns: Please hold these for me. Why won’t she stop that? Concept Check: In each sentence below, identify the syntax of the underlined word. Above each, write N for noun, P for pronoun, or A for adjective. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. These fajitas certainly are spicy! These are the spiciest fajitas I have ever tasted! Most of the ninth-graders participated in the read-a-thon. Most ninth-graders participated in the read-a-thon. Which ice sculpture did you create? Which of the ice sculptures did you create? Concept Check: In each sentence below, identify the part of speech of the underlined word. Above each, write N for noun, P for pronoun, or A for adjective. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. Geraldo is the sports reporter for the school newspaper. Geraldo plays two sports at school: baseball and field hockey. The students are busily working on their science projects. Which course in science are you taking this year? I took this snapshot of the New York City skyline. Albany, not New York City, is the capital of New York. Predicate Adjectives • A predicate adjective is an adjective that follows a linking verb and describes the subject. – Some people are extraordinary. – They are very energetic or calm. • Predicate adjectives can be compound. This means that 2 adjectives will modify the same subject and be joined by a conjunction. – Others are warm and caring. – Sill others are funny and friendly. • Often follow the “be” verbs: am, is, are, was, were, be, being, been. • Remember: Predicate adjectives can follow linking verbs other than forms of be. Taste, smell, feel, look, become, and seem are often used as linking verbs. – You usually feel lucky to know such a person. Let’s practice together! (yea!) 1. Because of a trolley rider’s fear, windshield wipers are common today. 2. To Mary Anderson electric trolleys seemed dangerous. 3. The drivers were alert and cautious. 4. The windshields, however, looked blurry and cloudy. 5. The windshields became clean when drivers rubbed them with damp tobacco and onions. Identify each predicate adjective, antecedent, and verb. Identify if compound. If none, then write, the verb and “none.” Scott O’Dell is a fantastic writer. His books have become famous. Island of the Blue Dolphins is excellent in my opinion. 4. The main character is an American Indian girl. 5. Alone on a desert island, she feels lonely and scared. 6. Fierce, wild dogs are inhabitants of the island, too. 7. They seem very frightening to her. 8. She then becomes intent on leaving the island in a canoe. 9. Her journey becomes dangerous when the canoe springs a leak. 10. She is a brave person but wisely turns back. 1. 2. 3. EXERCISE A Underline each predicate adjective in the following sentences. Circle the antecedent. Underline the verb twice. Identify if compound. 1. Your grasp of French is excellent for your age. [Which word completes the meaning of the linking verb is and describes the subject?] 2. Their home was not accessible from the highway. [Which word completes the meaning of the linking verb was and describes the subject?] 3. That stone is very shiny. 4. Does something smell sweet to you? 5. In a breeze, the wind chimes sound cheerful. EXERCISE A Underline each predicate adjective in the following sentences. Circle the antecedent. Underline the verb twice. Identify if compound. 6. The castle on stage appeared real in the soft light. 7. Stay calm and remain in your seats. 8. I have not always been so tall. 9. How happy we were on that first sunny day of spring! 10. This beach looks good to me.