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Exercise 45
Anatomy of the
Reproductive System
1
Male reproductive system macroscopy
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2
Gonads
 Testis
• Exocrine – sperm production
• Endocrine – testosterone
production
• Localized in the scrotum
Male reproductive system
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Duct system
Epididymis
 Posterior to the testis
 First site of sperm maturation
Ducts deferens or vas deferens
 Extends from the epididymis to the
ejaculatory duct
 Ampulla – final enlargement of the
duct deferens
Male reproductive system
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4
Spermatic cord
 Ducts deferens, testicular artery,
pampiniform plexus and nerves
enclosed in connective tissue
Ejaculatory duct
 Starts at the junction of the ampulla
with the duct of the seminal vesicle
Ducts system
5
Male reproductive system
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6
Urethra
 Prostatic
 Membranous
 Spongy or penile
7
Male reproductive system
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8
Accessory glands
Prostate
 Round muscular organ
 Encircles the urethra
 Inferior to the bladder
 Secretes prostatic fluid with
seminalplasmin (antibiotic function)
 Prostatic fluid is acidic and activates
the sperm
Male reproductive system
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9
Seminal vesicles
 Lies posterior to the bladder
 Produce seminal fluid
 Seminal fluid is rich in fructose that
nourishes the sperm
 It also promotes the fertility of the
sperm
 Ends in a duct that empties into the
ejaculatory duct
Male reproductive system
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Bulbourethral glands (Cowper’s glands)
 Located at the basis of the penis
 Small and round in shape
 Ends in a duct that opens in the
urethra
 Produces an alkaline secretion that
washes the residual urine out of the
urethra
Male reproductive system
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11
Semen
 Formed by sperm plus fluid from the
accessory glands
Scrotum
 Raphe
 Scrotal septum and skin
 Dartos - smooth muscle that wrinkles
the scrotum
Male reproductive system
 Superficial
fascia
 Cremaster muscle – skeletal
muscles that elevates the testes
 Tunica vaginalis – derived from
peritoneum
 Scrotal cavity
 Tunica albuginea
 Testes
12
Scrotum and Testes
13
14
Male reproductive system
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15
Penis
 Shaft
 Glans – enlarged tip
 Prepuce of foreskin – around the end
of the glans
 Corpora cavernosa
• Paired cylinders of erectile tissue
• Located on the anterior surface of
the penis
Male reproductive system
 Corpus
spongiosum
• Surrounds the penile urethra
• Single cylinder of erectile tissue
• At the tip of the penis it forms the
glans
16
Male reproductive system microscopy
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17
Testes
Seminiferous tubules
 Where sperm is formed
Interstitial cells
 Between the seminiferous tubules
 Site of testosterone production
Male reproductive system microscopy
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Epididymis
 Pseudostratified epithelium
 Stereocilia
 Spermatozoa
Male reproductive system microscopy
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Penis
 Corpora cavernosa with venous
cavities
 Urethra with transitional epithelium
 Corpus spongiosum
Female reproductive system
gross anatomy
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20
Gonads
Ovaries
 Exocrine portion – produce the ova
 Endocrine portion – produce
estrogens ands progesterone
External genitalia
21
Female reproductive system
gross anatomy
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22
External genitalia
Mons pubis
 Fat prominence over the pubis
Labia majora
 Hair-covered skin folds
Labia minora
 Hair-free folds
Female reproductive system
gross anatomy
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23
Vestible
 Clitoris
• Erectile tissue
• Anterior location on the perineum
 Urethral orifice
• Medial location on the perineum
Female reproductive system
gross anatomy
 Vaginal
orifice
• Posterior location on the perineum
• Hymen
• Greater vestibular glands
(Bartholin)
• Secrete fluid that lubricates the
vagina during intercourse
• Skene’s (paraurethral) glands
24
Female reproductive system
gross anatomy
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25
Perineum
 Diamond-shaped region from
anterior end of the labial folds to the
anus
Uterus, vagina, tubes
26
Uterus, vagina, tubes
27
Gross anatomy – internal
organs
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Vagina
 From the vestibule to the uterus
 Anterior fornix
 Posterior fornix
Uterus
 Pear-shaped
 Localized between the bladder and
the rectum
Gross anatomy – internal
organs
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Portions of the uterus
 Cervix
• Cervical canal
• Internal and external os
 Body
 Fundus
Vesicouterine pouch
Rectouterine pouch
29
Gross anatomy – internal
organs
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30
Fallopian tubes or uterine tubes
 From the uterus to the ovaries
 Isthmus
 Ampulla
 Infundibulum
• Fimbriae
 Opens to the peritoneal cavity
 Pelvic inflammatory disease
Ligaments
31
Gross anatomy – internal
organs
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32
Folds of the peritoneum
Broad ligament
 Mesometrium
• Secures the uterus to the lateral
body wall
 Mesosalpinx
• Secures the uterine tubes
 Mesovarium
• Secures the ovaries
Gross anatomy – internal
organs
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33
Round ligaments
 From the uterus to the labia majora
Uterosacral ligaments
 From the uterus to the posterior body
wall
Ovarian ligaments
 From the uterus to the ovaries
Suspensory ligaments
 Binds the ovaries to the lateral body
wall
Female reproductive system
microscopy
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34
Uterine tubes
 Serosa
 Smooth muscle
 Mucosa
• Simple columnar epithelium
 Lumen
Female reproductive system
microscopy
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35
Uterus
Layers of the uterus
 Endometrium
• Functional layer – thick mucosal
lining
• Menstruation or menses
• Basal layer – deeper to the
functional layer and responsible
for forming it
Female reproductive system
microscopy
 Myometrium
• Muscular layer
 Perimetrium
• Serosa
36
Female reproductive
system-mammary glands
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37
Present in both sexes
In female estrogens increase the breast
size at puberty
Gross anatomy
 Nipple
• Opening of the lactiferous sinus
 Areola
 Lobes
Female reproductive
system-mammary glands
 Lobules
 Alveoli
• Milk production
 Lactiferous ducts
 Adipose tissue
 Suspensory ligaments
38
Female reproductive
system-mammary glands
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39
Microscopy
Glands
 Inactive alveoli
• No lactating phase
 Active alveoli
• Lactating phase
Ducts
Cat Dissection
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40
Female
Vagina
Uterus
Fallopian Tubes
 Fimbriae
Ovaries
Broad and suspensory ligaments
Cat Dissection
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41
Male
Scrotum
Penis
Testis
Epidydimis
Vas deferens
Prostate gland