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Transcript
The Italian Renaissance Review of Origins of the Renaissance • The Renaissance was full of artistic, literary, and intellectual ideas and that its scholars studied and were influenced by ancient Greece and Rome. Trade led to an increase of wealth in Europe. People spent a significant amount of their money on entertainment (plays, paintings, essays, sonnets). Merchants provide the money that fuels the Renaissance • Wealthy Businessmen like Casimo Medici (Left) came to run cities like Florence as the Power of Feudal Lords decrease following the Crusades. • The Merchants had not gained power through birth but rather by the merit of individual work. • They competed with each other in everything including the sponsorship of the Arts The Medici Rule Florence • Cosimo Medici did not run for political office himself but rather he ensured the loyalty of members of the city council. – For over 30 years Cosimo was the virtual dictator of Florence – Like wealthy rulers before him Cosimo took pleasure in beautifying the city he ruled spending 400,000 gold florins on artistic and scholarly projects The Renaissance began in the City States of Northern Italy, especially Venice and Florence around 1300 N Humanism • The Great artist and writers of the Renaissance are called Humanist. – They believed that Europe had lived in a sense of darkness since the fall of Rome in 476. – Petrach the great Italian writer coin the phrase “The Dark Ages” to describe the early Medieval Age. • The Renaissance Humanist studied the writings of Greek and Rome & used these Classical Civilizations as the model and guide for their art, literature, and approach to life. – The new emphasis would be on emotion and real humanity in expressing the value of the individual and enjoying life. Hence, it became a new “way of thinking.” – Humanist scholars shaped the intellectual landscape throughout the early modern period Art in the Renaissance • One of the distinguishing features of Renaissance art was its development of highly realistic linear perspective. (see PowerPoint called “Renaissance Art” for more detailed information). – The development of perspective was part of a wider trend towards realism in the arts. To that end, painters also developed other techniques, studying light, shadow, and, famously in the case of Leonardo da Vinci, human anatomy • There was a renewed desire to depict the beauty of nature Science in the Renaissance • The Renaissance saw significant changes in the way the universe was viewed and the methods with which philosophers sought to explain natural phenomena • Science and art were very much intermingled in the early Renaissance, with artists such as Leonardo da Vinci making observational drawings of anatomy and nature. Yet the most significant development of the era was not a specific discovery, but rather a process for discovery, the scientific method Religion in the Renaissance • The ideas of humanism were largely influenced by Christianity. Much of the art, in fact, was commissioned by the Catholic Church. Key Artists and Writers of the Italian Renaissance The Individual is Celebrated • By 1300 artist and writers were eager to become famous and remembered for their superior talents. – These artist found a outlet for their ambition as the wealthy merchants sponsored portraits and biographies which they felt would share their lives with others. • The wealthy believed their lives to be interesting and important Petrarch • Petrarch (July 20, 1304 – July 19, 1374) was an Italian scholar, poet, and early humanist. Petrarch and Dante are considered the fathers of the Renaissance. • He is best known for developing the Sonnet form of Poetry • He imitated the classical style of the Roman writer Cicero Dante • Dante was born in Florence and wrote a book called the “Divine Comedy” – This book is filled with commentary on politics and events of Dante’s time. – The book is a bridge between the religious beliefs of the past and the new ideas of the Renaissance – The first book printed in the vernacular, everyday language, of the common man Artist like Leonardo da Vinci and Raffaello painted the Wealthy and the Powerful of the Renaissance The Great Artist and their Work In Italy the artist also painted many religious subjects because the Catholic Popes began to rebuild Rome following the Babylonian Captivity at Avignon France ended in mid- 1400’s Leonardo da Vinci • Leonardo was the perfect Renaissance Man. • He was an inventor, sculptor, artist, architect, scientist, and writer. • Leonardo was one of the artist sponsored by Cosimo Medici in Florence. • His most famous painting of the Mona Lisa (left) is in the Louver Museum in Paris Leonardo the Scientist and Inventor studied nature for inspiration • Here in the picture is a page from “The Codex” a journal which Da Vinci kept. On this page he is observing and making comments on the flight of birds. Leonardo uses his mind for military Purposes • These drawings are the plans for a rapid fire gun which Da Vinci developed in the early 1500’s. Leonardo studied the Human Body to gain knowledge of anatomy • These drawings of the shoulder and its associated muscle and tendon were drawn by Leonardo so he could better understand the physical form of man. Many of Leonardo’s drawings are still used today to teach student doctors anatomy. Leonardo painted more than just the Mona Lisa and Last Supper • Here is a painting on wood which Leonardo based on the Religious theme of Mary and her son Jesus. This subject matter is often referred to as a Madonna and Child Leonardo was interested in faces • Leonardo made many pencil sketches of peoples faces over his life time. He was interested in the process called aging. He often did comparison drawings showing an old face and a young face Donatello • Donatello was a great Italian sculptor, who was born in Florence, Italy, in 1386, and died at the age of 80 in 1466. • A lot of his sculptures were Renaissance breakthroughs • He used a powerful realism that gives his statues a distinct look • Donatello wanted to show the strength and grace of the human form, like the ancient Greeks had. • He created large free standing sculptures of heroic men. • Donatello rejected the style of carving statues and wanted his figures to look life like. • His work was the inspiration for the later work of men like Michelangelo. Raffaello • Most famous for his works in the Pope’s personal library at the Vatican in Rome. • He became the perfect painter and was sponsored by the Pope and the Medici Family of Florence. • Raffaello died suddenly at age 37 and the city of Rome was plunged into sorrow Works of Raffaello Zoroaster Socrates Plato Raffaello Paints himself in the picture Raffaello Michelangelo He excelled at many arts The Sistine Chapel Michelangelo lay on his back for 15 years Painting the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel Michelangelo called forth people from the stone • One of Michelangelo’s statues was a Pieta or Mother and son carving. Here Mary holds the body of the dead Jesus Stunning and life-like • In this close-up view of the pieta. You can see the calm sadness in the face. The folds of the cloth head covering seem to rustle and blow in the wind. The David • This 16 ft tall statue cut into white marble is the master piece of Michelangelo’s sculpture. Realism and Power • Michelangelo’s statue radiates strength and determination. • The statue is the best example of Renaissance Humanist belief in the dignity and greatness Details, Details, Details • The hand of Michelangelo’s David is so life like that you might think blood capable of rushing through the veins of the arm and hand. • Michelangelo has perfected the ideas of Donatello. Niccolo Machiavelli • Born in Florence in 1469 he was a diplomat and observed the behavior of Kings. • He wrote a book in 1513 called the Prince which gave advice on how to gain and hold power. It is better to be feared than loved The end result justifies the Means – He felt that a Successful leader needed to be shrewd – He felt that tricking your enemies or friends was acceptable as long as you got what you needed done. – Even immortal acts were alright if they served the interest of the nation Review-The Renaissance was very “ARTISTIC” A. Arrival (birth) of the modern world R. Rebirth of ancient Greek and Roman cultures T.The Renaissance started in Italian city-states I. Italian artists (Michelangelo, da Vinci) S.Sonnets, essays, plays (Shakespeare) T.The Renaissance spread to Northern Europe I. Individualism is stressed (humanism) C. Church corruption criticized (Erasmus— humanist)