Download eg A - Unife

POSITION: before the noun
FORM:
Singular
ORDER:
Opinion / fact





opinion size shape age

material

colour

origin

purpose / type
order of adjectives
opinion
nice
size
big
shape
round
age
old
colour
blue
origin material purpose/type
French
glass
fruit
noun
bowl
What is it like?
How big is it? What size is it?
What shape is it?
How old is it? What age is it?
What colour is it?
Where is it from? Where does it come from?
What is it made of?
What is it for? What type/kind/sort is it?
ADVERBS THAT MODIFY ADJECTIVES
Adjectives can be divided
BASE ADJECTIVES
BIG
HOT
TIRED
COLD
INTERESTING
BAD
GOOD
DIRTY
SURPRISED
AFRAID
CLEVER
LITTLE
into 2 categories:
STRONG ADJECTIVES
ENORMOUS
BOILING
EXHAUSTED
FREEZING
FASCINATING
HORRIBLE
WONDERFUL
FILTHY
ASTONISHED
TERRIFIED
BRILLIANT
TINY
We can modify adjectives with
INTENSIFIERS / ADVERBS
BASE ADJECTIVES 
rather,a bit, completely(negative adjectives)
very, really, extremely, fairly, quite
STRONG ADJECTIVES 
Absolutely, totally, utterly, (really)
EXAMPLES:
Very good; fairly small; rather stupid
Absolutely fantastic; totally exhausted
QUESTIONS
∗
∗
∗
∗
∗
∗
∗
∗
ASKING FOR INFORMATION
ASKING FOR CONFIRMATION
ASKING FOR PERMISSION
MAKING REQUESTS
MAKING OFFERS
MAKING INVITATIONS
MAKING SUGGESTIONS
SHOWING FRIENDLY INTEREST
QUESTIONS
• What’s your
D.O.B?
• Do you need
advice?
• Is it O.K. if I sit
here?
• Could you give me
more details,
please?
• Can I help?
• Would you like to
go to the cinema?
• Shall I help you to
carry the
shopping?
• How are things at
home?
TWO basic types of questions
INFORMATION
WH- questions
CONFIRMATION /
CONTRADICTION
YES-NO questions
YES – NO Questions
Inversion of the AUXILIARY verb with the SUBJECT
TO BE:
Affirmative: You are in my class.
Question : Are you in my class?
Affirmative: You were in my class.
Question :
Were you in my class?
Affirmative: You are going home.
Question :
Are you going home?
PRESENT PERFECT. She has been to London recently
Has she been to London recently?
PAST PERFECT.
He had already left when you arrived
Had he already left when you arrived?
FUTURE.
They will finish before 5p.m.
Will they finish before 5p.m.?
CONDITIONAL.
You would do it
Would you do it?
INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS
WH –
WHAT
WHERE
WHO
WHEN
WHY
WHICH
WHOSE
an object
a place
a person
a time
a reason
between two
possession
OBJECT QUESTIONS
begin with the interrogative pronoun
what, where, who, why, when, whose, which, how
• Combinations with
•
•
•
•
•
•
“WHAT” + noun
What time..
What day..
What colour..
What size..
What shape…
What nationality…
• Combinations with
“HOW” + adjective
• How old…
• How often….
• How much…
• How many….
• How far…
• How long

QUESTION
WORD
WHEN

AUXILIARY
VERB
DO


SUBJECT
MAIN
VERB
I
FINISH?
WHAT TIME
WILL
YOU
WHERE
HAS
HE
GONE?
WHAT
DID
WE
KNOW?
HOW MUCH
SHOULD
YOU
TAKE?
WHO
CAN
THEY
ARRIVE?
SEE?
SUBJECT QUESTIONS
When the subject of the question is the
interrogative pronoun the verb remains affirmative,
so you do not use: DO, DOES,DID
• WHO, WHICH, WHAT, HOW
MUCH/MANY
• Who wants to go out?
• Which animals live in the jungle?
• What happened next?
• How much money is spent on
useless products?
• How many people live in Ferrara?
QUESTIONS WITH
PREPOSITIONS
•
•
•
•
•
•
Where are you from?
Who did he talk to?
What are they talking about?
What will you spend the money on?
What is the book about?
What are we waiting for?
FIRST CONDITIONAL
If + simple present + simple future
If I’m lucky, I’ll catch a
big fish.
If I catch a big fish,
we’ll have it for dinner.
If I go home without a fish.
my wife won’t be pleased
If he doesn’t catch a fish soon, he’ll move to another place
he may move
FIRST CONDITIONAL
Represents a possibile
situation (more realistic)
SECOND CONDITIONAL
Represents an improbable
situation (less realistic)
IF + SIMPLE PAST + CONDITIONAL
3rd conditional :
If + past perfect + past conditional
( imaginary situations in the past)
e.g. If Tom had studied harder,
he would have passed the exam.
PAST PERFECT = HAD + PP
PAST CONDITIONAL = WOULD HAVE
+
PP
IF + HAD ………., WOULD HAVE …….
3rd conditional :
If + past perfect + past conditional
( imaginary situations in the past)
e.g. If Tom had studied harder,
he would have passed the exam.
PAST PERFECT = HAD + PP
PAST CONDITIONAL = WOULD HAVE
+
PP
IF + HAD ………., WOULD HAVE …….
FUTURE FORMS
There are various ways of interpreting the future:
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
( I am doing)
(INTENTIONAL FUTURE I am going to do)
SIMPLE FUTURE
( I will do )
FUTURE CONTINUOUS
( I will be doing )
FUTURE PERFECT
( I will have done )
MAY / MIGHT
( I may do )
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
USE: to show you are talking about your
FUTURE ARRANGEMENTS:
e.g. Appointments & organised events,
official arrangements
TIME EXPRESSIONS
e.g. Tonight, at eight, this…weekend, next…..
in April,
The time element is IMPORTANT
THE INTENTIONAL FUTURE
. USE (i) to talk about your intentions and decisions
already taken (before the moment of speaking)
e.g. I’m going to concentrate on my career
from now on.
I’m going to buy a new car next week
(ii) To indicate an imminent action based on
present evidence:
e.g. Look at those black clouds. It’s going to rain.
TIME EXPRESSIONS:
In this form time expressions are secondary, as the
emphasis is on the INTENTION of the speaker and
not the TIME of the action
THE SIMPLE FUTURE
USE: (i) to state a new decision
(at the moment of speaking)
e.g. A: I’m going to have lunch now.
B: O.K. I’ll come with you
(ii) To make predictions & express opinions.
e.g.I think the government will make new cuts.
I know…..
I’m sure ……
I hope there will not be any more cuts.
FUTURE CONTINUOUS
USE: to talk about something happening around
a certain time in the future
e.g. In five years’ time I’ll be retiring
This time next week I’ll be travelling to the USA
FUTURE PERFECT
USE: to talk about something completed
by a
certain time in the future.
e.g. I will have worked in this
department for
10 years by next June.
SIMPLE PAST
vs
DEFINED TIME
vs
PRESENT PERFECT
UNDEFINED TIME
 Last …..
 Just
 Ago
 Already
 Yesterday
 Ever
 In …1990
 Never
 On …Monday
 When I was young
 When / What time….?
In …London
 Yet
 Today
Since / For
How long?
PRESENT PERFECT
vs
SIMPLE PAST
The PRESENT PERFECT can express
 an action at an indefinite time before now
E.g. I’ve been to Europe and Asia, but I’ve never
been to America
Peter has broken his leg. So now he cannot walk.
If our attention moves to the time of an action
then we must use THE SIMPLE PAST
E.g.
I went to the United States in 1987.
Peter broke his leg when he was in the
mountains in April.
WHAT ARE MODAL VERBS?
The modal verbs are used to express concepts of :
• NECESSITY
• POSSIBILITY
• OBLIGATION
• ABILITY
• ADVICE
• REQUESTS
• DEDUCTION
CAN & MUST
• NO
• NO
• NO
• NO
• NO
INFINITIVE
GERUND
“S” IN 3RD PERSON PRESENT
“DO/DOES”
“TO” IN THE FOLLOWING VERB
THE MISSING PARTS ARE PROVIDED BY OTHER VERBS:
• CAN = TO BE ABLE ; MAY
• MUST = TO HAVE TO
To know how /
to be able
Could
May/Might
May/ to be allowed
OBLIGATION
MUST
• Personal obligation – the
HAVE TO
• External obligation -
speaker has made the
decision. He imposes the
obligation on himself.
e.g.
I must telephone my
dentist for an appointment.
I’m gaining weight, I must
go on a diet.
I must check the time of the
meeting.
Somebody else has made
the decision. The obligation
has come from outside the
speaker.
e.g.
All children have to go to
school.
I have to do an exam next
week.
MUST NOT
• Prohibition- the idea of
DO NOT HAVE TO
• It is not necessary - the
sense of obligation has been
removed.
e.g.
Ann is not well, she mustn’t Ann is rich, she doesn’t have
to work.
work.
Entrance to the museum is
You mustn’t smoke in a
free- you don’t have to pay.
petrol station.
You don’t have to wear a
It’s a secret. You mustn’t
uniform for this job.
tell anyone.
You mustn’t enter this room
when the patient is having
an X-ray.
obligation is maintained
e.g.