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Cell division The process during which an entire cell divides to form two exact copies Mitosis The stage of cell division during which the nucleus divides into two identical nuclei. The phases of mitosis are: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Cells spend most of their lives in interphase. It’s a time of growing, developing, and carrying on all life activities. At the end of interphase, strands of DNA and centrioles replicate. Strands of DNA called chromatin condense to form chromosomes. A pair of centrioles moves to the opposite side of the cell. Spindle fibers begin to form (in animal cells). The nuclear membrane begins to disintegrate. Interphase Prophase Metaphase Chomosome pairs (sister chromatids) attached by centromeres line up in the middle of the cell Anaphase Sister chromatids separate and move to the opposite ends (poles) of the cell. Telophase Cell Cycle DNA Replication Centrioles Nuclear membranes form around identical sets of chromosomes. The chromosomes become strands of chromatin again. The cell membrane begins to pinch in. The regular cycle of growth and division of a cell during its lifetime. The cell cycle consists of the following stages: interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis. (deoxyribonucleic acid) “The Double Helix” the molecule that contains the blueprint for life. The DNA molecule has a twisted ladder shape. The sides of the ladder consist of sugar and phosphate molecules. The rungs are made of nitrogen bases: adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine (A/T,C/G). The process by which a molecule of DNA makes an exact copy of itself Barrel-shaped organelles that are found in pairs near the nucleus of an animal cell. (They may help move chromosomes during mitosis by directing spindles.) Chromatin Centromeres Loose, thread-like strands of DNA (DNA is in its chromatin form during interphase, telophase, and cytokinesis.) Button-like structures that hold chromosomes (sister chromatids) together Chromosomes Rod –like structures made up of DNA Chromatids One of a pair of chromosomes. When paired, these structures are called sister chromatids. Spindle fibers Mesh-like structures that create pathways for transporting chromosomes during mitosis. Spindles are found in animal cells. Cancer Cancer treatments A group of diseases characterized by abnormally dividing cells (Cancer is cell division – out of control.) Surgery – to remove the cancerous tissue (tumor) 2. Chemotherapy – using strong chemicals to kill or shrink the cancerous tissue (tumor) 3. Radiation – using high energy waves to shrink or kill the cancerous tissue (tumor) (We also discussed nanotherapy in class. It’s the use of tiny particles to deliver drugs to tumors or to act as targets for heat or ultrasound treatments for tumors. 1. Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Cytokinesis