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Name World History 10-Minchillo Global Regents Study Packet CRITICAL INFORMATION: When is the NYS REGENTS EXAM? Wednesday, June 17, 2015 8:30 AM What you will NEED? Pens, pencils, textbook to return to Minchillo’ office (3N9) by 12:30 pm Exam FORMAT: 50 multiple choice questions 1 thematic essay 1 document based essay with scaffolding questions What will you need TO STUDY? -You may choose to purchase the blue and red Baron’s Review books -You may chose to use the outline below to assist in organizing yourself and creating a study guide. There are two parts to the review packet. Part 1 is digital. It is posted on my teacher page. It is all the multiple choice questions from approximately 20 past NYS Regents exams organized according to topics frequently asked on the test. The best way to study for this part of the test is to do the practice questions. I suggest that you do a few topics a night. Part 2 is this packet. It is all possible content that can be used to answer essay questions organized by themes. It is meant to help you organize the content from the 9th and 10th grade curriculums for the essay portions of the exam. It is organized by major THEMES, followed by examples of thematic and document-based essays from past NYS Regents: WORLD BELIEF SYSTEMS GEOGRAPHIC FEATURES TURNING POINTS GOLDEN AGES HUMAN RIGHTS IMPERIALISM NATIONALISM ECONOMIC SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE WAR AND PEACE TERRORISM ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY DETERMINATION OF POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC SYSTEMS Each topic has a list of critical terms to know, followed by broad questions to help synthesize your content, and example of content that can support these questions. How you study is up to you. It is important to stress that not all of this content will be on the exam, so it is not mandatory for you to memorize everything in order to do well. However, if you are able to identify and generally explain/describe what is listed below, you should be more than adequately prepared for the Regents Exam. Good Luck! May the force be with you! Live long and prosper! (I ran out of pop culture references...) THEME 1 WORLD BELIEF SYSTEMS Terms to know: civilization polytheism monotheism pilgrimage religion What you should know for each: 1. Identify the nation or region where it was founded. 2. Describe the basic teachings of the belief system. 3. Discuss how the belief system has influenced the culture of the areas in which it is currently practiced. Types of Belief Systems: Animism: Shaman Shinto: Kami; ancestor worship; Torri Hinduism: Ahimsa; Atman; Bhagavad Gita; Brahma; Brahman; Caste System; Ganges River; karma; Mahabharata; Moksha; Ramayana; reincarnation; Samsara; Shiva; Untouchables; Upanishads; Vedas; Vishnu Judaism: Abraham; Hebrew; Holy Land; messiah; Moses; Torah; Rabbi; Talmud; Ten Commandments Buddhism: Buddha; Dalai Lama; dharma; Eightfold Path; Four Noble Truths; Siddhartha Gautama; karma; Nirvana; reincarnation; Tripitka; Wheel of Life Confucianism: The Analects; Confucius; dharma; filial piety; Five Relationships; Kong Fu Zi; Mencius Taoism: Lao Tze; Tao-te-Ching; Yin and Yang Christianity: Jesus Christ; Holy Land; Holy Trinity; New Testament; Old Testament; sacraments; Ten Commandments Islam: Caliph; Five Pillars of Islam; hajj; Hegira; Holy Land; Imam; jihad; Mecca; Mohammed; mosque; Muezzin; Quran; Ramadan THEME 2 GEOGRAPHIC FEATURES What you should know: 1. Explain how geographic features effect historical development of a nation or region, giving historical examples in your answer. Rivers Rivers provide fresh water for irrigation, act as trade routes & invasion routes, and provide fertile soil along their valleys. Major river valleys such as the Nile, Tigris-Euphrates, Indus, and Yellow, all were home to early civilizations. Mountains Mountains often act as barriers for civilizations. This can have a positive effect in that it protects a culture from invasion. An example of mountains as a barrier would be the Himalayas protecting early India from China. They can also have a negative effect by preventing cultural diffusion. An example of this would be the near isolation of the Incan Empire along the Andes. Oceans Oceans often act as barriers for civilizations, but can also be a source of food and livelihood. The barrier effect has both positive and negative aspects. A positive example would be the Pacific Ocean was a barrier to Korean invasion of Feudal Japan. A negative example would be the Atlantic Ocean prevented cultural diffusion between Mesoamerica and the rest of the world for centuries. Africa has a regular coastline. A positive effect of this was that it was difficult to invade Africa by sea. A negative effect was that Sub-Saharan Africa remained isolated from the rest of the world for many centuries. Islands Islands often act as barriers to both invasion and cultural diffusion. Japan has been able to stay free of foreign control though most of its history, but has also been isolated from the world for centuries at a time. Great Britain was able to stay free of German control during World War II because they are an island nation. Rainforests Rainforests often act as barriers, but can also be a resource center. As a barrier, they prevent invasion and cultural diffusion. An example would be the African rainforests. They can also be a source of raw materials. An example would be the Amazon Rainforests which provide hardwoods, medicines, and other raw materials to many countries in South America. Deserts Deserts often act as barriers. An example would be the Sahara Desert that protected lower Africa from invasion for many centuries. But, the Sahara also prevented cultural diffusion to this area. THEME 3 TURNING POINTS -Neolithic Revolution -Commercial Revolution -Reformation -Exploration -Scientific Revolution -Enlightenment -Political Revolutions (19th Century) -Nationalism (19th and 20th Century) -Industrial Revolution -Agrarian Revolution -World War Two -Cold War -Terrorism What you should know: 1. Describe the causes and key events that led to turning points throughout history. 2. Explain how these turning point changed the course of history in the short term and the long term. 3. Identify the major revolutions in world history and the factors that led to them 4. Identify and discuss the immediate and long terms effects of these revolutions Neolithic Revolution Paleolithic Period (beginnings of human life until about 10,000 BCE) nomads hunting and gathering “Stone Age” Neolithic Revolution (about 10,000 BCE, when they started to cultivate crops and domesticate animals) permanent settlements social classes civilizations terrace farming *major turning point in human history Commercial Revolution (end of the European Middle Ages; Crusades) trade increased cultural diffusion between the Islamic world and Europe Silk Road Venice The Black Plague Guilds Capitalism *new business practices *fundamental change in European society took place *Italian City States became the center of the resurgence of trade Reformation Protestant Reformation Martin Luther John Calvin Church Corruption indulgences 95 Theses Calvinism Counter/Catholic Reformation The Society of Jesus (Jesuits) anti-Semitism *affect religious life in Europe, as well as social, political, and economic institutions Exploration demand for goods from Asia Trade routes Bartholomeu Dias; Vasco Da Gama; Christopher Columbus Old World vs. New World Columbian Exchange Inca Aztecs colonization African diaspora slavery new technology new ideas *expansion of the Ottoman Empire caused disruption in trade *leads to increased European populations and new lands to conquer *turning point in history because it altered the way people lived across the world Scientific Revolution Copernicus: heliocentric model of the universe Galileo: telescope Isaac Newton: gravity The Scientific Method observation experimentation *question traditional beliefs about the workings of the universe *changed the way people thought about the universe *resulted in discoveries in medicine, physics, and biology *resulted in the Enlightenment Enlightenment Thomas Hobbes: absolutism (man was basically greedy, selfish, and cruel); Leviathan; social contract theory; no right to revolution John Locke: limited goverment (could be reasonable and moral); Two Treatises of Government; Natural Rights (Life, Liberty, and Property); right to revolution Voltaire: freedom of speech Baron de Montesquieu: The Spirit of the Laws; separation of powers (Judicial, Legislative, and Executive branch); checks and balances Jean Jacques Rousseau: The Social Contract; General Will (majority rules) Rene Descartes: the laws of nature and man; reason Enlightened Despots: Maria Teresa; Catherine the Great *changed the way people lived as political and social scholars began to question the workings of society and government, while rejecting traditional ideas *stimulated people's sense of individualism, and the basic belief in equal rights *led to the Glorious Revolution is Britain, the American Revolution, the French Revolution, and the Latin American Revolutions *a few monarchs retained absolute control of their countries while also enacting reform based on Enlightenment ideas Political Revolutions American Revolution: The 13 British colonies; “no taxation without representation”; Declaration of Independence; US Constitution; US Bill of Rights French Revolution: political, social, and economic causes; absolute monarchy; 3 Estates; King Louis XVI; Estates General; National Assembly; limited monarchy; Constitution of 1791; representative assembly; Radicals; Maximillien Robespierre; Reign of Terror; The Directory; Moderates; Napoleon; coup d'etat; "Liberty, Equality, Fraternity" *democratic ideals spread across Europe *nationalist ideas were spread *growing middle class asserted their power, and would come to dominate politics throughout Europe as limitations were placed on existing monarchs, or they were ousted in favor of other forms of government *usually the result of poor or oppressive government, and many times end in a worse situation than before *political revolutions are major turning points in a country's history. Latin America Revolutions: causes (Enlightenment ideas, the examples of the American and French Revolutions, and the basic inequalities present in their societies) . Russian Revolution: causes (attempts to westernize and industrialize, maintain traditions, social structure); “autocracy, orthodoxy, and nationality); pogroms; Czar Nicholas II; World War I; March Revolution of 1917; Bolsheviks; Vladimir Lenin; Communists; Karl Marx; Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Chinese Communist Revolution: Kuomintang; Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai Shek); Mao Zedong; the Long March; One-Party Dictatorship Iranian Revolution: Muhammad Reza Pahlavi; shah; westernization and modernization; Islamic fundamentalists; Ayatollah Khomeini Nationalism Congress of Vienna Metternich Italy: Guiseppe Mazzini; Count Camillo Cavour; Guiseppe Garibaldi; Young Italy; Red Shirts Germany: Prussia; Austria; the Zollverein; Otto von Bismarck; Blüt und Eisen (Blood and Iron); Danish War (1864); Austro-Prussian War (1866); Franco-Prussian War (1870); Kaiser Wilhelm I (William I) Japan: Meiji Restoration; Tokugawa Shogunate; Emperor Meiji; rapid modernization and industrialization; expansion Zionism: Palestine; anti-Semitism; Theodor Herzl; Israel India: Indian National Congress; Muslim League; independence; Mohandas Gandhi; Pakistan; Bangladesh; Salt March; nonviolence; civil disobedience Africa: Pan Africanism Balkans: Serbs, Greeks, Romanians, Bulgarians; Ottoman Empire; Pan Slavism; Yugoslavia; ethnic cleansing *develops among people who usually share a common language and history *can be an unifying force or a dividing force Industrial Revolution Agrarian Revolution Enclosure Movement Great Britain iron ore and coal capital mass production factory system big business shares and stockholders profits and losses laissez-faire economics Adam Smith: Wealth of Nations urbanization working conditions societal changes communism: Karl Marx; The Communist Manifesto (1848); bourgeoisie; proletariat imperialism *effects were long reaching, and influenced many other cultures both positively and negatively *a fundamental change in the way goods were produced, and altered the way people lived World War Two Fascism: nationalistic; imperialistic; Benito Mussolini; Adolf Hitler Axis Powers Allies Hiroshima and Nagasaki superpowers: the Soviet Union and the United States *allies occupied and rebuilt Japan and Germany *most destructive war in human history and became a turning point in history as is resulted in the division of the world into two competing political ideologies: Democracy and Communism. *former colonial possessions of European nations became sovereign nations, establishing their own governments. Cold War Stalin; Krushchev; Brezhnev; Gorbachev arms race: brinkmanship; mutually assured destruction; deterrence; Truman Doctrine: Marshall Plan; Berlin Airlift bipolarization: NATO; Warsaw Pact; Third World Berlin Wall “Iron Curtain” Soviet Bloc domino theory: Korean War; Vietnam War (Viet Cong; Ho Chi Minh; escalation) Afghanistan War Cuban Revolution: Bay of Pigs; Cuban Missile Crisis; Castro Glasnost Perestroika Post Cold War Hot Spots Middle East: Tensions have continued to escalate in the Israeli – Palestinian struggle North Korea: economic hardships; is rumored to posses nuclear weapons; maintains its hope of uniting the two Koreas one day; poses a threat to the nations of the west who are allied with South Korea, namely, the United States. India & Pakistan: India and Pakistan continue to be hostile toward each other. Issues range from religious differences, to the subject of Kashmir, a region divided between the two in 1949; nuclear weapons China: one party communist dictatorship; human rights issues; growing economically closer to West; Taiwan Terrorism Northern Ireland Middle East Al Qaeda THEME 4 GOLDEN AGES -Athens and Hellenistic Culture -Pax Romana -Gupta Dynasty in India -Islamic world from the 8th through the 12th centuries -Olmec, Maya, Aztec, and Inca of Mesoamerica -Ghana, Mali, and Songhai of West Africa -Shang, Zhou, Han, Tang, Song, Dynasties in China -Japan -Renaissance in Europe -Enlightenment What you should know for each: 1. Describe the specific achievements of each culture identified. 2. Explain how these achievements continue to influence the modern world Athens and Hellenistic Culture Terms to Know: democracy philosophy Ancient Greek golden age (5th century BCE) Pericles city-state of Athens Hellenistic golden age Alexander the Great Greek mainland all the way to the Indus River Valley *blending of Greek, Egyptian, Persian, and many other cultures that gave rise to advancements in math, science, art, and literature. Government: democracy citizen direct democracy non-citizens (women, slaves) Philosophy: Socrates: Socratic Method; ; Society has three classes: Philosophers, Soldiers, and Workers Plato: The Republic; favored a strong, controlling government Aristotle: favored the one strong and wise rule as best form; human reason was the key to learning Literature: Aeschylus Sophocles *tragedies and comedies about human conflict and interaction between the gods and man Herodotus Art & Architecture” idealized realism perfect form elaborate buildings Greek column Parthenon Math & Science: Pythagoras Aristarchus Eratosthenes Euclid Archimedes Medicine: Hippocrates: Hippocratic Oath Pax Romana Roman Republic Senators Patricians Plebeians, Conquest: Carthage, Macedonia, Greece, parts of Asia Minor Julius Caesar Augustus Pax Romana Law: Laws of the Twelve Tables *many aspects of this system of justice survive today in law codes around the world. Art & Architecture: *blending of Greek and Roman elements the arch and dome Pantheon engineering: roads, harbors, bridges, aqueducts *Egypt remained a center of learning under the Romans Gupta Dynasty in India (320 - 550 CE) Hinduism strict caste system *peace and prosperity created under Gupta leadership enabled the pursuit of scientific and artistic endeavors Math & Science: concept of zero decimal system based on the number 10 Arabic Numerals Arts & Literature: stone temples to the various Hindu gods Buddhists shrines to house the remains of select holy people (stupas) *form of architecture made its way to China where it was altered slightly and renamed the pagoda. Sanskrit *stories spread west to Persia, Egypt, and Greece, and became the basis for many Islamic literary works such as, Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves and Aladdin and his Magic Lamp Islamic world from the 8th through the 12th centuries *Islam began in the Arabian Peninsula in the early 7th century CE and quickly spread throughout the Middle East before moving across North Africa, and into Spain and Sicily *reasons for success: strength of the Arab armies, use of a common language, fair treatment of conquered peoples, welcomed conversion to the Islamic faith Arabic Qur'an Abbassid Dynasty (mid 8th century until the mid 13th century) *blending of Arab, Persian, Egyptian, European traditions Islamic art: forbidden from using human figures in religious art, style of geometric shapes and patterns, Mosques *non-religious artists were allowed to use human figures *Islamic architects borrowed heavily from the Byzantine Empire which used domes and arches extensively throughout their cities Dome of the Rock Literature: *most works were based on the Qur'an *poetry about the joys and sorrows of love: “The Thousand and One Nights, which is a collection of tales that includes such well known stories as Aladdin and His Magic Lamp” Philosophy: *translated philosophic texts from a variety of cultures (China, India, Ancient Greece) *scholarly commentary written about these texts influenced a variety of cultures, including European civilizations Math & Science: *Islamic scholars studied both Greek and Indian mathematics before making important contributions of their own. al-Khwarizimi: algebra astronomy: eclipses, the rotation of the planets, calculated the circumference of the earth to within a few thousand feet. hospitals and emergency rooms Ibn Sina: Canon on Medicine Trade: *a vast trading network was created which helped to spread religion, culture, and technology among the different peoples of the empire. partnerships use of credit banks Law: based on the Qur'an The Sharia Olmec, Maya, Aztec, and Inca of Mesoamerica Olmecs (1400 BCE - 500 BCE) Gulf coast of Mexico ceremonial pyramid shaped temples Mayan Civilization (300 - 900 CE) l city-states along the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico and much of Central America agricultural society elaborate palaces and pyramid shaped temples irrigation systems staple crops (corn, beans, squash) hieroglyphics 365 day a year calendar concept of zero Aztec (from the late 1200's until the time of European conquest) most of Mexico tribute deeply religious human sacrifice accurate calendar similar to the Mayan medicine: setting broken bones, filling cavities in teeth Tenochtitlan pyramid temple aqueducts causeways for travel art: large stone carvings; colorful paintings schools Inca (1400's until the time of European conquest) along the Pacific coast of South America elaborate road system system of relay runners Temple of the Sun in Cuzco terrace farming Quipas Ghana, Mali, and Songhai of West Africa *all three kingdoms maintained vast trading networks across the Sahara desert and into the Middle East and North Africa *main export was gold, which made each kingdom wealthy and strong, and provided them with the conditions necessary for cultural and intellectual achievement Islamic Influences: *all influenced by Islam to different degrees *kings of Ghana often had Islamic advisors, while Mali and Songhai established Islamic Empires after converting *Mali, the emperor Mansa Musa was famous for his pilgrimage to Mecca, which made Mali closer to the Islamic world and increased trade between Mali and Muslim Empire Arts & Literature: *religious in nature statues and masks carved from ivory, wood, and bronze oral and written literary traditions passed from generation to generation and contained moral lessons and were used as a teaching device University of Timbuktu Commerce: “gold for salt trade” trade routes that were in use for centuries *a negative effect of this interaction was the start of the slave trade Shang, Zhou, Han, Tang, Song, Dynasties in China Terms to Know: pictographs ideographs divine right of rule dynastic cycles Shang Dynasty 1650 - 1027 BCE *major contribution to Chinese culture: writing system The ancient Chinese system of writing used, or drawings of objects, and Zhou Dynasty 1027-256 BCE Mandate of Heaven Dynastic Cycle silk book making brush and ink Book of Songs Han Dynasty 206 BCE – 220 CE Emperor Wudi Silk Road Confucianism Civil Service Exam textbooks on subjects ranging from zoology to botany and chemistry astronomy clocks make paper from wood pulp inventions: the rudder for use on ships, the fishing reel, the wheelbarrow acupuncture art: carvings in jade, wood, or ivory, and the building of elaborate temples. Tang Dynasty 618 – 907 expansion into Central and Southeast Asia (Korea and Vietnam) tribute redistribution of land established a law code renovated the canal system to encourage trade and communication inside of China strict social structure (the gentry, the peasantry, and the merchants; rights and duties; social mobility) inventions: gunpowder; block printing; mechanical clocks; small pox vaccine Song Dynasty 960 – 1279 rice cultivation (two rice crops a year) extensive trade with the India, Persia, and the Middle East art: fine porcelain, calligraphy, landscape paintings, pagoda, inventions: movable type printing machines, spinning wheel Ming Dynasty 1368 ACE – 1644 better farming methods new crops brought over from the Americas (corn, sweet potatoes) industry: porcelain, paper, tools communication: renovated canal system, new methods of printing, increase literacy rate art: blue and white porcelain vases, revival of landscape painting, revival of Confucian poetry, opera, drama Voyages of Zheng He (1405 – 1433) Japan (early 100s CE until approximately 600 CE) *early Japanese culture was heavily influenced by Korean and Chinese civilization, with Korea often acting as the bridge between the other two cultural diffusion: *Japan also adapted Buddhist and Confucian ideas to their civilization, with Zen Buddhism becoming very popular among the people *Cultural ideas such as tea drinking, and the elaborate tea ceremony were also adapted from China, as well as the architectural designs for the pagoda. Feudal Japan (12th century until the 19th century): Shogun Tokugawa Shogunate(1603 - 1868) Kabuki theatre Haiku landscape painting Renaissance in Europe *rebirth of cultural and intellectual pursuits after the stagnation of the Middle Ages *centered in Italy during 1300s, before spreading throughout Europe in 1500 & 1600s Humanism: importance of education study of ancient Greek and Roman texts importance of the individual Art & Architecture: religious art realism revived many ancient Greek and Roman styles Leonardo Da Vinci: “renaissance man”, Mona Lisa, The Last Supper, flying machines, underwater boats Michelangelo: The Sistine Chapel, David. Literature: William Shakespeare Dante: The Divine Comedy Miguel de Cervantes: Don Quixote Niccolo Machiavelli: The Prince vernacular Technology: printing press Johann Gutenberg Gutenberg Bible *led to a higher literacy rate among people, and helped with the spreading of Renaissance ideas. Scientific Revolution: * an offshoot of the Renaissance *same spirit of inquiry that fueled the Renaissance, led scientists to question traditional beliefs about the workings of the universe Scientific Method Nicolaus Copernicus Galileo Isaac Newton Rene Descartes Enlightenment *developed as an extension of the Scientific Revolution *attempted to explain the purpose of government and describe the best form of it Thomas Hobbes John Locke Voltaire Baron de Montesquieu Jean Jacques Rousseau. *Enlightenment ideas helped to stimulate people's sense of individualism, and the basic belief in equal rights *Enlightenment ideas led to the Glorious Revolution is Britain, the American Revolution, the French Revolution, and the Latin American Revolutions *some of these revolutions resulted in government based upon Enlightenment ideas Enlightened Despots: Maria Teresa, Joseph II, Catherine the Great THEME 5 HUMAN RIGHTS Terms to know: Self-determination ethnic cleansing religious persecution Holocaust genocide human rights United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights *Since the Holocaust, efforts have been made to end human rights abuses around the world, but violations have not prevented or punished satisfactorily What you should know: 1. Define the term “human rights” 2. Identify examples of human rights violations, when they occurred, where they occurred, who inflicted these violations, upon whom, and why. 3. Identify and Examples may include: Christians in the early Roman Empire native peoples in Spain’s American colonies untouchables in India blacks in South Africa Jews in Nazi Germany Muslims in Bosnia, Kurds in Iraq or Turkey Tibetans in China Cambodians under Khmer Rouge Ethnic cleansing in Rowanda and Darfur, Sudan THEME 6 IMPERIALISM Terms to know: white man’s burden economic imperialism: (industrialization, competition, raw materials, markets, labor, naval bases) political imperialism: (protectorates, colonies) cultural imperialism religious imperialism: (missionaries) nationalism What you should know: 1. What are the causes of imperialism? 2. Which countries imperialized, when and where? 3. What were the short term and long term effects of imperialism? 4. What was decolonization, and when, where, and why did it occur? Examples may include: England: India, Middle East, China, Caribbean, Africa France: Southeast Asia, Africa, Caribbean, China Germany: Africa, Caribbean, China The Netherlands: Africa, Southeast Asia Japan: Korea, China United States: Pacific islands, Caribbean, Latin America THEME 7 NATIONALISM Terms to know: unification self-determination decolonization What you should know: 1. Identify nations or regions where nationalist movements took place. 2. Identify the leaders of these movements and when they took place. 3. Describe the historical background leading up to that nationalist movement. 4. Discuss the actions of these leaders and their movements, and what effect they had on the nation or region. Examples may include: Simon Bolivar Jose de San Martin Toussaint L’Ouverture Fidel Castro Camilo Cavour Giuseppe Garibaldi Giuseppe Mazzini Otto von Bismarck Sun Yixian Jiang Jieshi Mao Zedong Ho Chi Minh Mohandas Gandhi Kwame Nkrumah Jomo Kenyatta Nelson Mandela Kemal Ataturk Gamal Abdel Nasser Theodor Herzl David Ben-Gurion Ayatollah Khomeini Yasir Arafat THEME 8 ECONOMIC SYSTEMS Terms to know: scarcity production law of supply and demand need verses want traditional economy barter market economy free enterprise capitalism command economy communism socialism mixed economy What you should know: 1. Define the term “industrialization”. 2. Identify the nations where industrialization changed the lives of workers, the economy, and social structure 3. Discuss how workers, reformers, the government, and intellectuals in each of these countries responded to the change. Examples may include: Great Britain (19th century) Japan (19th or 20th century) Russia (19th or 20th century) Korea (post–World War II) THEME 9 TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE What you should know: 1. What are the scientific or technological advances that had a major impact on global history? 2. What short term and long terms effects did these major advances have on society and the course of history? Examples may include: development of agriculture irrigation systems the astrolabe gun powder the printing press the telescope nuclear power steam power the microscope the computer the Internet THEME 1O WAR AND PEACE What you should consider: Wars have played major roles affecting the economic, social, and political development of the global community: 1. wars can lead to technological development 2. wars are often caused by the same factors 3. peace settlements often cause wars later 4. human rights can be violated THEME 11 TERRORISM What you should consider studying: 1. French Reign of Terror 2. Serbian Black Hand Society 3. Storm Troopers and SS in Nazi Germany 4. Palestinian Liberation Organization 5. Islamic Fundamentalism 6. Irish Republican Army THEME 11 ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY What you should consider studying: 1. age if industrialization 2. industrialization in developing nations 3. desertification 4. deforestation 5. greenhouse effect 6. acid rain 7. oil crisis 8. green revolution THEME 12 DETERMINATION OF POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC SYSTEMS What you should consider studying: Often political and economic systems are paired together: 1. absolute monarchy and capitalism 2. democracy and capitalism 3. totalitarianism and communism