Download Recitation Slides - Daniel R. Schlegel

CSE4/563: Knowledge
Representation
Recitation September 13, 2010
“Intelligence is the art of good
guesswork.” –H.B. Barlow
Questions/Concerns
http://www.cse.buffalo.edu/~shapiro/Courses/C
SE563/2010/Homeworks/hw0.pdf
What is Artificial Intelligence?
What is Artificial Intelligence?
• What kinds of things or concepts do we need
in the definition?
What is Artificial Intelligence?
"[The automation of] activities that we associate with
human thinking, activities such as decision-making,
problem solving, learning..." (Bellman, 1978)
"The study of mental faculties through the use of
computational models" (Charniac and McDermott,
1985)
"The study of the computations that make it possible to
percieve, reason, and act" (Winston, 1992)
What is Artificial Intelligence?
"The art of creating machines that perform functions that
require intelligence when performed by people" (Kurzweil,
1990)
"The study of how to make computers do things which at the
moment people are currently better" (Rich and Knight,
1991)
"Computational Intelligence is the study of the design of
intelligent agents" (Poole, et al, 1998)
"AI... is concerned with intelligent behavior in artifacts"
(Nilsson, 1998)
What is Artificial Intelligence?
A field of computer science and engineering
concerned with the computational
understanding of what is commonly called
intelligent behavior, and with the creation of
artifacts that exhibit such behavior.
(Shapiro, 2010)
Propositions
• What are they?
Propositions
• What are they?
• “I believe that it is not the case that…”
• Examples
• Counter-examples
Semantics
• Intensional
Semantics
• Intensional
– Independent of model or situation
– Represented in English
• Extensional
Semantics
• Intensional
– Independent of model or situation
– Represented in English
• Extensional
– AKA ‘Denotation’
– Relative to model or situation
– Resolves to a truth value
Example
[Betty is the Passenger <=> ~Betty is the Driver]
What are the intensional semantics?
Example
[Betty is the Passenger <=> ~Betty is the Driver]
What are the intensional semantics?
Betty is the passenger if and only if Betty is not
the driver.
What are the extensional semantics?
Example
Betty is the Passenger <=> ~Betty is the Driver
What are the intensional semantics?
Betty is the passenger if and only if Betty is not
the driver.
What are the extensional semantics?
…is true if [[Betty is the Passenger]] and [[~Betty
is the driver]] are both true or both false,
otherwise it is false.
Model Finding with Excel
Betty is the Passenger <=> ~Betty is the Driver
Tom is the Passenger <=> ~Tom is the Driver
Betty is the Passenger <=> Tom is the Driver
Tom is the Passenger <=> Betty is the Driver
~Betty is the Passenger.
Model Finding with Semantic Tableau
T:Betty is the Passenger <=> ~Betty is the Driver
T:Tom is the Passenger <=> ~Tom is the Driver
T:Betty is the Passenger <=> Tom is the Driver
T:Tom is the Passenger <=> Betty is the Driver
F:~Betty is the Driver.