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Understanding Micrologic Contents Range Protection against overloads Protection against short-circuits Protection against insulation faults Hardware Metering Others functions Monitoring and/or protection of loads Load shedding and reconnection Programmable controller Harmonic Asic and microprocessor self-protection Micrologic Range Micrologic 6. 0 P Measurement type version Current protection type Measurement type Current protection type Without A P H 2 : Distribution L, I 2.0 2.0 A 5 : Selective L, S, I 5.0 5.0 A 5.0 P 5.0 H 6: Selective and ground fault L, S, I, G 6.0 A 6.0 P 6.0 H 7 : Selective and earth leakage L, S, I, V 7.0 A 7.0 P 7.0 H Understanding Micrologic P- 14/03- DBTP218EN Return to contents 3 Protection against overloads phases LT setting Long-time protection (i²t) of the phases and the neutral Protect against premature ageing of cables Adjustable setting range using rating plugs standard : 0.4 - 1, low : 0.4 - 0.8, High : 0.8 - 1, plug OFF Setting to within one Amp with keypad or via Communication Protection against risk of fire 8 Understanding Micrologic P- 14/03- DBTP218EN 4 Protection against overloads neutral conductor Neutral protection Adjustment : by three position dial on the 4th pole : 4P 3D, 3D+N/2, 4P 4D by keypad : OFF, 1/2, Full, 1.6 (3 pole breaker only) Settings : N/2 : IrN = 1/2 IrP, IsdN = 1/2 IsdP, IiN = IiP, IgN = IgP 1.6N : IrN = 1.6 IrP, IsdN = 1.6 IsdP, IiN = IiP, IgN = IgP Oversized neutral protection protection against 3rd-order harmonics summed up in the neutral conductor 3Pole breaker only Understanding Micrologic P- 14/03- DBTP218EN 5 Protection against overloads 3rd harmonic in neutral conductor Understanding Micrologic P- 14/03- DBTP218EN 6 Protection against overloads IDMTL Long-time protection of the phases IDMTL type (Inverse definite minimum time lag) High voltage fuse Extremely inverse time Very inverse time Standard inverse time Definite time Improvement of discrimination with HV fuses Better protection of switchgears Understanding Micrologic P- 14/03- DBTP218EN Return to contents 7 Protection against short-circuits ST pick-up ST delay Inst. pickup Short-time protection For low impedance short-circuits (80% of faults) I²t ON to improve discrimination with downstream protection, inverse time protection up to 10Ir Instantaneous protection For solid short-circuits N1 and H1 breaker : OFF position inhibits the instantaneous protection H2, H3 and L1 breaker : OFF postion = DIN value (shown on screen) RMS measurement with 20ms fixed time delay Protection against risk of damage Understanding Micrologic P- 14/03- DBTP218EN 8 Protection against short-circuits Zone selective interlocking (ZSI) Principle : ZSI enables the control units to communicate with each other. The system is able to locate the short circuit or ground fault and clear it. Functionning : ZSI allows the circuit breaker to ignore its preset delay when necessary. The fault is cleared by the nearest upstream circuit breaker with no intentional time delay. Advantages : Faster tripping time without sacrificing coordination Limitation of system stress by reducing amount of let through energy. Maximum : 100 circuit breakers interconnected whatever the configuration Understanding Micrologic P- 14/03- DBTP218EN Return to contents 9 Protection against insulation faults Ground fault Ground fault protection Micrologic 6.0P Made mandatory by NEC Residual current Source Ground Return Ig Prevent risk of fire Understanding Micrologic P- 14/03- DBTP218EN 10 Protection against insulation faults Earth leakage New Earth-leakage protection Understanding Micrologic P- 14/03- DBTP218EN Micrologic 7.0P Mandatory per standards NFC 15100 and IEC 364 In a TT system, protects property against low level fault currents In a TNS system, protects installations where long cables are installed Return to contents 11 Hardware Principle and power supply ZSI M2C/M6C ASIC Mitop Basic protection L S I G V Synchronous Exchange data Air CT Isolation Plugs : Calibre/ perform. Opto Com Iron CT Trip unit power supply Standard Internal voltage sensor <690v or optional external voltage sensor for µP power supply and measurement Understanding Micrologic P- 14/03- DBTP218EN COM Module Microprocessor Additional functions (monitoring, measurement, analyses...) Optical coupling Power supply Surplus Optional external 24V DC power supply for : programmable contact power supply and when breaker is open : •Powers display, •Identification, adjustments through “Com” module Test kit 24V DC BUS power supply Return to contents 12 Metering Principle Samples Refresh 2 500,0 2 000,0 Sampling 1 500,0 1 000,0 Samples @ 625 µs 544µs 0,0 -500,0 -1 000,0 -1 500,0 -2 000,0 -2 500,0 0,0000 0,0020 0,0040 0,0060 0,0080 0,0100 0,0120 0,0140 0,0160 0,0180 0,0200 t (sec) 1s Samples of 6 cycles (32 points per cycle) 2 500,0 2 000,0 1 500,0 1 000,0 500,0 I (Amps) I (Amps) 500,0 0,0 -500,0 -1 000,0 -1 500,0 -2 000,0 -2 500,0 0,0000 0,0200 0,0400 0,0600 t (sec) 0,0800 0,1000 0,1200 1s Integration Instant. data 15 s (sliding) 5 to 60 min Integration Demand data 5..60 min (fixed) Understanding Micrologic P- 14/03- DBTP218EN Return to contents 13 RMS measurement Sampling frequency : 1838Hz One measurement point every 544µs 36 points per cycle 10ms RMS value calculation 20ms 36 RMS ( X ²) 1 36 Understanding Micrologic P- 14/03- DBTP218EN 14 Others functions Principle Meter Instant. data Demand Monitor IRMS P Q S EP EQ Iavg Pavg Min / Max Thresholds (pickup & dropout) Max I1 : Min f17 Programmable Controller Logging: Data Logs Historical Data Maintenance Data Relay Activation M2C/M6C Breaker trip Mitop Understanding Micrologic P- 14/03- DBTP218EN Return to contents 15 Demand measurements fixed or sliding window fixed window Measurement of active reactive and apparent power time intervals programmable between 5mn and 1h values are refreshed at the end of the time interval Sliding window Measurement of current and active reactive and apparent power time intervals programmable between 5mn and 1h values are refreshed every 15 sec sliding fixed 5mn to 1h t 15s Understanding Micrologic P- 14/03- DBTP218EN 16 Power factor PF Power factor PF = P/S P: active power S: apparent power apparent power S reactive power Q kVA kvar active power P kW Nota : cos ф= P1/S1 P1 : Fundamental active power S1 : Fundamental apparent power Understanding Micrologic P- 14/03- DBTP218EN 17 Power factor PF Sign convention Reactive Power Reactive Power Reactive Power Watts - Watts + Watts - Watts + Watts - Watts + VArs + VArs + VArs + VArs + VArs + VArs + P.F + P.F - P.F + P.F + P.F - P.F + Active Power Active Power Active Power Watts - Watts + Watts - Watts + Watts - Watts + VArs - VArs - VArs - VArs - VArs - VArs - P.F - P.F + P.F + P.F - P.F - P.F + IEEE : IEEE altenate : IEC : PF sign = - Q sign(P/S) PF sign = Q sign(P/S) PF sign = sign(P/S) Understanding Micrologic P- 14/03- DBTP218EN 18 Monitoring and/or protection of loads based on current, voltage, power, frequency • Current and voltage unbalance • Maximum current (per phases & neutral) • Minimum / maximum voltage • Minimum / maximum frequency • Reverse power • Phases rotation Understanding Micrologic P- 14/03- DBTP218EN 19 Monitoring and/or protection of loads Principle of operation variable T1 Activation threshold T2 Deactivation threshold t Alarm generated by Micrologic Understanding Micrologic P- 14/03- DBTP218EN 20 Monitoring and/or protection of loads Current unbalance ANSI 46 Application Protect rotating machines (motors, generators) operating on balanced threephase supplies against ageing and slowing Balance single-phase loads on threephase distribution systems Detect phase loss Principle the function compares the current unbalance to the threshold previously set by the user, for a time greater than the time delay Example I1 = 2500A I2 = 4000A I 3 = 3400A Iaverage. = 3300A Emax = I1 - Iave. = 800A DI = Emax /Iaverage = 24% I average E max I1 activation threshold activation time delay deactivation threshold deactivation time delay I2 I3 setting range adjustment steps accuracy 5% to 60% of I average 1% -10% to 0% 1 to 40s 1s -20% to 0% 5% to activation thresold 1% -10% to 0% 10 to 3600s 1s -20% to 0% Understanding Micrologic P- 14/03- DBTP218EN 21 Monitoring and/or protection of loads Maximum current per phase and N Application Obtain the maximum current demand in the presence of major load fluctuations (welding machines, crushers, hoists) Principle This function calculates the maximum demand value of the current in each Ph and Neutral over a sliding time interval. The interval can be adjusted between five minutes and one hour. The value is refreshed every 15s I max demand t1 t2 setting range adjustment steps accuracy 0.2In to In 1A +/- 6.6% 15s to 1500s 15s -20% to 10% deactivation threshold 0.2 In to activation thresold 1A +/- 6.6%' deactivation time delay 15s to 3000s 15s -20% to 10% activation threshold activation time delay Understanding Micrologic P- 14/03- DBTP218EN 22 Monitoring and/or protection of loads Voltage unbalance ANSI 47 Application Protect loads against vibrations, temperature rise and premature ageing Principle The function compares the voltage unbalance to the threshold previously set by the user, for a time greater than the time delay. Example U12 = 330v U23 = 390v U31 = 10V U average. = 243v Emax = U31 - U average. =233v DU = Emax /U average. = 96% U average E max U12 activation threshold activation time delay deactivation threshold deactivation time delay U23 U31 setting range adjustment steps accuracy 2% to 30% of U average 1% -20% to 0% 1s to 40s 1s -20% to 0% 2% to activation threshold 1% -20% to 0% 10s to 360s 1s -20% to 0% Understanding Micrologic P- 14/03- DBTP218EN 23 Monitoring and/or protection of loads Minimum voltage ANSI 27 Application Protect motors against voltage drops resulting in loss of torque and a major increase in the current drawn by the motor Check the output voltage of a generator… Principle The function is activated when one of the phase to phase voltages is below the threshold set by the user, for a time greater than the time delay. The function is desactivated when all 3 phase are above the threshold. U12 U23 U31 Activation threshold U min U12 U23 U31 dectivation threshold U min setting range adjustment steps accuracy 100V to Umax activation threshold 5V - 5% to 0% activation time delay 1.2s to 5s 0.1s 0 to 20% deactivation threshold Activation thresold to Umax activation threshold 5V '- 5% to 0% deactivation time delay 1.2s to 36s 0.1s 0 to 20% activation threshold Understanding Micrologic P- 14/03- DBTP218EN 24 Monitoring and/or protection of loads Minimum voltage ANSI 27 U U max activation threshold (maxi 1200V) U min deactivation threshold U min activation threshold (mini 100V) T2 T1 100V Alarm t Understanding Micrologic P- 14/03- DBTP218EN 25 Monitoring and/or protection of loads Maximun voltage ANSI 59 Application Protect loads (motor and transformer) against abnormally high voltages that can result in irreversible damage Avoid saturation of transformers Principle The function is activated when one of the phase to phase voltages is above the threshold set by the user, for a time greater than the time delay The function is desactivated when all 3 phases are under the threshold U12 U23 U31 Activation threshold U max activation threshold U12 U23 U31 deativation threshold U max setting range adjustment steps accuracy Umin activation threshold to 1200V 5V -0% to +5% 0.1s 0% to +20% 5V -0% to 5% 0.1s 0% to +20% activation time 1.2s to 5s delay deactivation 100V to activation threshold threshold deactivation 1.2s to 36s time delay Understanding Micrologic P- 14/03- DBTP218EN 26 Monitoring and/or protection of loads Maximum voltage ANSI 27 U 1200V T1 U max activation threshold (maxi 1200V) T2 Deactivation threshold U min activation threshold (mini 100V) Alarm t Understanding Micrologic P- 14/03- DBTP218EN 27 Monitoring and/or protection of loads Reverse power ANSI 32P t Application Protect diesel engines from generators operating as motors marine applications, generator sets… Avoid power transfers between two parallel-connected sources Principle The function is activated when the active power flowing in the direction opposite set by the user is greater than the activation threshold for a time greater than the time delay. Activation Reconnection Deactivation Load shedding Reverse power P kW setting range activation 5kW to 500kW threshold activation time 0.2s to 20s delay deactivation 5kW to activation threshold threshold deactivation 1s to 360s time delay adjustment steps accuracy 5kW +/-2.5% 0.1s 0% to 20% 5kW +/-2.5% 0.1s 0% to 20% Understanding Micrologic P- 14/03- DBTP218EN 28 Monitoring and/or protection of loads Minimum frequency ANSI 81 Application Check the frequency of a generator Check the frequency across the terminals of a motor Avoid saturation of transformers following a drop in frequency Principle The function is activated when the frequency exceeds the set threshold for a time greater than the time delay setting range adjustment steps accuracy activation threshold 45 to Fmax activation threshold 0.5Hz +/-0.5Hz activation time delay 1.2s to 5 sec 0.1s 0% to 20% deactivation threshold activation threshold to Fmax activation threshold 0.5Hz +/-0.5Hz deactivation time delay 1.2 to 36s 0.1s 0% to 20% Understanding Micrologic P- 14/03- DBTP218EN 29 Monitoring and/or protection of loads Minimum frequency ANSI 81 F F max activation threshold (maxi 540Hz) T2 F min deactivation threshold T1 F min activation threshold (mini 45Hz) 45Hz Alarm t Understanding Micrologic P- 14/03- DBTP218EN 30 Monitoring and/or protection of loads Maximum frequency ANSI 81 Application Check the frequency of a generator Check the frequency across the terminals of a motor Principle The function is activated when the frequency exceeds the set threshold for a time greater than the time delay setting range adjustment steps accuracy activation threshold Fmax activation threshold to 540Hz 0.5Hz +/-0.5Hz activation time delay 1.2s to 5 sec 0.1s deactivation threshold 45Hz to activation threshold 0.5Hz deactivation time delay 1.2 to 36s 0.1s 0% to 20% +/-0.5Hz 0% to 20% Understanding Micrologic P- 14/03- DBTP218EN 31 Monitoring and/or protection of loads Maximum frequency ANSI 81 F 540Hz T1 F max activation threshold (maxi 540Hz) T2 F max deactivation threshold F min activation threshold (mini 45Hz) Alarm Understanding Micrologic P- 14/03- DBTP218EN 32 Monitoring and/or protection of loads Phase rotation Application Avoid reversed rotation of motors Check on coupling between generator and distribution system (phase sequence) Principle The function compares the actual phase sequence with the selected sequence Alarm only Not available if the 400 Hz frequency is set F2 F1 F3 Range of adjustment D F activation time delay deactivation time delay F1,F2, F3 or F1 , F3 , F2 0.3s 0.3s Understanding Micrologic P- 14/03- DBTP218EN 33 Load shedding and reconnection based on current t Application Ensure the continuity of service of priority circuits by disconnecting nonpriority loads reconnection Principle The function is activated when the current exceeds the set threshold for a time greater than the time delay shedding I setting range adjustment steps accuracy 50 to 100% of Ir 1% +/-6% 20% to 80% of Tr 1% -20%+0% deactivation threshold 30%Ir to activation threshold 1% +/-6% deactivation time delay 10s to 600s 1s -20%+0% activation threshold activation time delay Understanding Micrologic P- 14/03- DBTP218EN 34 Load shedding and reconnection based on power P kW Application Ensure the continuity of service of priority circuits by disconnecting non-priority loads 10MW Principle The function is activated when the power exceeds the set threshold for a time greater than the time delay 100 kW Activation Deactivation t Alarm shedding reconnection setting range adjustment steps accuracy 200kW to 10MW 50kW +/-2.5% 10s to 3600s 10s -20%+0% deactivation threshold 100kW to activation threshold 50kW +/-2.5% deactivation time delay 10s to 3600s 10s -20%+0% activation threshold activation time delay Understanding Micrologic P- 14/03- DBTP218EN 35 Programmable controller Alarms and relay outputs with distinct thresholds Alarm on supervisor via Com module activation and desactivation after a programmable time delay M2C or M6C relay outputs without latching ==> follows the state of the alarm with temporary latching programmable from 1s to 6mn with permanent latching ==> needs a resetting Activation T1 Deactivation T2 t Alarm Relays without latching Relays with temporary latching Relays with permanent latching from 1s to 360s possible Resetting Reset Understanding Micrologic P- 14/03- DBTP218EN 36 Programmable controller Alarms and relay outputs with identical thresholds Alarm on supervisor via Com module activation and desactivation after a programmable time delay M2C or M6C relay outputs without latching ==> follows the state of the alarm with temporary latching programmable from 1s to 6mn with permanent latching ==> needs to be reset Activation/ T1 T2 Deactivation Alarm Relays without latching Relays with temporary latching Relays with permanent latching from 1s to 360s possible resetting Reset Understanding Micrologic P- 14/03- DBTP218EN 37 Harmonic Definition A periodic signal is a combination of : The original sinusoidal signal at the fundamental frequency Other sinusoidal signals (the harmonics) with frequencies that are whole-number multiples of the fundamental frequency A DC component, where applicable Understanding Micrologic P- 14/03- DBTP218EN Return to contents 38 Harmonic Origin and effects Origin Harmonics are caused by non linear loads such as : Welding machines arc/induction furnaces Variable speed drive office equipment (computer, copy machine, neon lighting…) Effects The flow of harmonics in distribution systems can cause serious problems such as : Increased currents (oversized neutral) Additional losses and premature aging Disturbances to loads due to voltage harmonics Disturbances in communication networks Understanding Micrologic P- 14/03- DBTP218EN Return to contents 39 Harmonic Quality indicators These indicators are the indispensable tools used to determine any required corrective action : Measurement of the fundamental Phase displacement of the fundamental Harmonic distorsion THD cos ф, power factor K factor, crest factor Distorsion power, distorsion factor Amplitude spectrum up to order 31 st Displacement spectrum Understanding Micrologic P- 14/03- DBTP218EN Return to contents 40 Harmonic Total Harmonic Distortion Current THD% Current per phase Neutral current Voltage THD% Phase to phase voltage Phase - Neutral voltage Understanding Micrologic P- 14/03- DBTP218EN 41 Harmonic Fast Fourier Transfert Current harmonics each phase plus neutral up to 31st order Voltage harmonics phase to phase phase to Neutral up to 31st order Understanding Micrologic P- 14/03- DBTP218EN Return to contents 42 Harmonic Waveform capture (WFC) Triggered manually 4 cycles magnitude I : [ 0- 1.5 In] magnitude V: [0- 690V] 64 points /cycle Triggered on event (alarm > 1s) 4 cycles (on supervisor) magnitude I : [ 0- 1.5 In] magnitude V: [0- 690V] 64 points /cycle triggered by a fault 11/13 cycles (50/60 Hz) magnitude I : [ 0- 20 In] magnitude V: [0- 690V] 18/15 points /cycle (50/60 Hz) WFC available through the COM option only Understanding Micrologic P- 14/03- DBTP218EN 43 Asic and microprocessor self-protection ASIC Self protection : - temperature - power supply deficiency µPro Data exchange reading Asic watchdog Auto-test µPro & automatic reset Maintenance log time recording : Asic maxi temperature ASIC error code Understanding Micrologic P- 14/03- DBTP218EN 44 Asic and microprocessor self-protection ASIC self protection resulting in a circuit breaker tripping : excessive temperature >120° ASIC power supply deficiency (overvoltage) Indication : LED Ap « ON » display of error code on LCD screen Events log recording ===>supervisor µP self protection never trip the circuit-breaker Memory check sum Time-out Detection by the µPro of a serial link failure between µP and the ASIC Indication : Events log recording ===>supervisor (if communication still healthy) Understanding Micrologic P- 14/03- DBTP218EN 45 That ‘s all for today ! Understanding Micrologic P- 14/03- DBTP218EN 46