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Root Words, Prefixes, and Suffixes Words are broken into parts Prefixes are at the beginning of words Suffixes are at the end of words A root is a set of letters that have meaning. It is the most basic form A root can be at the front, middle or end of a word. The Word Word Meaning Form To Shape Port To Carry Rupt To Break or Burst Prefix Re (Again) Re-Form means to shape again De (Out) De-Port means to carry out Inter (in the middle) Inter-rupt means to break in the middle Combining syllables Sentence Structure and development •One way to begin studying basic sentence structures is to consider the traditional parts of speech (also called word classes): nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections •the parts of speech come in many varieties and may show up just about anywhere in a sentence. •To know for sure what part of speech a word is, we have to look not only at the word itself but also at its meaning, position, and use in a sentence. The Parts of Speech WHAT IS IT? EXPLANATION • The basic parts of a sentence are the subject, the verb, and (often, but not always) the object. This is the noun or pronoun that comes after the preposition Parts of a sentence • The subject is usually a noun--a word that names a person, place, or thing. The verb (or predicate) usually follows the subject and identifies an action or a state of being. An object receives the action and usually follows the verb. Verbs By Mrs. Caro VERBS A verb shows action. There’s no doubt! It tells what the subject does, Like sing and shout! Action verbs are fun to do! Now it’s time to name a few! So clap your hands and join our rhyme! Say those verbs in record time! Wiggle, Jiggle, Turn around Raise your arms and stomp the ground! Shake your finger and wink your eye! Wave those action verbs GOODBYE! • An action verb that describes an action that is happening now is called a present tense verb. The bird flies through the sky. Flies is a present tense verb because it is happening right now. Present verbs These are Action Verbs: clap coughed swallowed awake ride sang ran • Many present tense verbs end with s, but some end with es, or ies. cries sleeps splashes Present tense verbs • Verbs which tell about actions which happened some time ago are past tense verbs. The dog wanted a bone. Wanted is a past tense verb because the action has already happened. Past Verbs • Many past tense verbs end with ed, but some end with d, or ied. tried clapped played Past tense verbs • Verbs which tell about actions which are going to happen are future tense verbs. We will awaken at six a.m. Will awaken is a future tense verb because the action has not yet happened. Future Verbs • Future tense verbs use special words to talk about things that will happen: will, going to, shall, aim to, etc. going to start will enjoy email Future tense shall verbs • A helping verb works with a main verb to help you understand what action is taking place. Elmer was using the computer. Helping Verbs may be do might being does must been did am are is was were should have could had would has 23 Helping Verbs (main) (main) (main) will can shall Other things to keep in mind: •Not every sentence will have a helping verb with the main verb. •When you see an "ing" verb such as "running", be on the lookout for a helping verb also. Helping Verbs •Sometimes there is another word which separates the helping verb from the main verb. One common example is "not", as in: The boy couldn't find his socks. The helping verb is could and the main verb is find. Helping Verbs Locate the subject Then ask yourself, “What is it doing?” The dog barked. Who? dog “What did the dog do?” barked To find the verb: The verb is barked, it’s what the dog is doing. Let’s Practice: The big lion roared loudly. Who? Lion “What did the lion do?” roared The verb is roared, it’s what the lion is doing. Let’s Practice: The lighthouse shines brightly. What? lighthouse “What does the lighthouse do?” shines The verb is shines, it’s what the lighthouse does. Let’s Practice: The snowman waves his hat to us. Who? Snowman “What did the snowman do?” waves The verb is waves, it’s what the snowman is doing. Let’s Practice: Alexander takes his bath. Who? Alexander “What does Alexander do?” takes The verb is takes, it’s what Alexander is doing. Let’s Practice: Sally dances in the recital. Who? Sally “What does Sally do?” dances The verb is dances, it’s what Sally is doing. Let’s Practice: Mrs. Smith arrives late. Who? Mrs. Smith “What did Mrs. Smith do?” arrives The verb is arrives, it’s what Mrs. Smith does. Let’s Practice: Stars shine brightly at night. What? stars “What did the stars do?” shine The verb is shine, it’s what the stars are doing. Let’s Practice: Time flies when you’re having fun. What? time “What does time do?” flies The verb is flies, it’s what time is doing. Let’s Practice: Tommy plays baseball every year. Who? Tommy “What does Tommy do?” plays The verb is plays, it’s what Tommy does. Let’s Practice: Jacob beats on his drum all day. Who? Jacob “What does Jacob do?” beats The verb is beats, it’s what Jacob is doing. Let’s Practice: The bumble bee buzzes near the flower. What? bee “What does the bee do?” buzzes The verb is buzzes, it’s what the bee is doing. Four Basic Sentence Structures • *A simple sentence is a sentence with just one independent clause (also called a main clause) *A compound sentence contains at least two independent clauses * A complex sentence contains an independent clause and at least one dependent clause: *A compound-complex sentence contains two or more independent clauses and at least one dependent clause: Let’s Practice: Read Mr. Fox • A common way to connect related words, phrases, and even entire clauses is to coordinate them--that is, connect them with a basic coordinating conjunction such as "and" or "but." Coordination Independent clauses can be connected in a variety of ways: 1. By a comma and little conjunction (and, but, or, nor, for, yet, and sometimes so). 2. By a semicolon, by itself. 3. By a semicolon accompanied by a conjunctive adverb (such as however, moreover, nevertheless, as a result, consequently, etc.). 4. And, of course, independent clauses are often not connected by punctuation at all but are separated by a period. Combining sentences Adjective Clauses To show that one idea in a sentence is more important than another, we rely on subordination-that is, treating one word group as less important. My brother’s car Comma Which he bought two years ago Has already Comma needed repairs • Always put a comma before the word WHICH.The adjective clause develops, but is not required. • Never put a comma before the word THAT-this indicates the information is NEEDED after although as because before even though if, even if in order that once provided that since so [that implied], so that than that though unless when, whenever where, wherever, whereas whether while Subordinate Conjunctions Use a comma if you subordinate the first of the two clauses. Even though cat hair clung to Shelly’s pant legs during her interview, she still got the job. The second clause has less emphasis because its thought is incomplete. Combining sentences An appositive is a word or group of words that identifies or renames another word in a sentence--most often a noun that immediately precedes it. Appositive constructions offer concise ways of describing or defining a person, place, or thing. ALWAYS put a COMMA around the phrase. Shelly , WHO IS A NURSE, likes cats Appositives Phrases Like an adjective clause, an adverb clause is always dependent on (or subordinate to) an independent clause an adverb clause usually modifies a verb, though it can also modify an adjective, an adverb, or even the rest of the sentence in which it appears. Here is the description of the table. You may change or delete this text as you wish. This table is compatible with PowerPoint 97 to 2007. Adverb Clauses Punctuation Use semicolons to join independent clauses Use a semicolon only if the clauses are closely related. Examples: • Happiness isn't something you experience; it's something you remember. • We lavish on animals the love we are afraid to show to people. They might not return it; or worse, they might. Semi-Colon Use semicolons with conjunctive adverbs or introductory expressions When I eat alone, I leave a mess; however, what’s worse is when everyone laughs at me. The movie was awesome; in fact, it was so funny I cried Semi-Colon’s A colon means "that is to say" or "here's what I mean." Colons and semicolons should never be used interchangeably. Use a colon to introduce a I need an assistant who can series of items. Do not do the following: input capitalize the first item after data, write reports, and the colon (unless it's a proper complete tax forms. noun). Avoid using a colon before a list when it directly follows a verb or preposition Wrong: I've seen the greats, including: Barrymore, Guinness, and Streep. Right: I've seen the greats, including Barrymore, Guinness, and Streep. Colons . Hyphens' main purpose is to glue words together (-) • Hyphenate two or more words when they come before a noun they modify and act as a single idea. This is called a compound adjective. • an off-campus apartment • When writing out new, original, or unusual compound nouns, writers should hyphenate whenever doing so avoids confusion. • I changed my diet and became a no-meater. Hyphens Hyphens' main purpose is to glue words together (-) • An often overlooked rule for hyphens: The adverb very and adverbs ending in -ly are not hyphenated. • Incorrect: the finely-tuned watch (describes adjective) • Correct: Correct: the friendly-looking dog (describes verb) • Hyphenate all spelled-out fractions. • more than two-thirds of registered voters Hyphens • Hyphens are often used to tell the ages of people and things. • We have a two-year-old child • Hyphenate prefixes when they come before proper nouns or proper adjectives • Trans-American flight • Mid-June is when the party is • Hyphenate all words beginning with the prefixes self-, ex- (i.e., former), and all-. • Suffixes are not usually hyphenated. Some exceptions: -style, -elect, -free, -based. Hyphens • Sometimes you have some information which needs to be added to a sentence, and that little bit of information is EXTEMELY important and you’ll want the reader to pay attention to that information • You are the friend—my only friend—who offered to help me. • indicate added emphasis, an interruption, or an abrupt change of thought • I wish you would—oh, never mind. DASHES Writing clear, concise sentences Active Voice Verbs • • • • • • • Shows action or state of being Active or passive Connects subject and predicate Most important word in the sentence Examples: Pour, laugh (Active) Am, is, are, was, were, will be, have been, will have been (Passive) 51 • Active voice is when you are focusing on the person who is doing an action • The ninja attacked the adorable baby. • Passive voice is when you’re focusing on the thing that was done. • The adorable baby was attacked by the ninja. Active vs. Passive Active vs. Passive In active voice, the subject of the sentence is present BEFORE the verb. John picked up the bag In passive voice, the subject is usually not present. If it is, it is at the end of a prepositional phrase. The bag was picked up by John 53 • Usually needs helping verbs (am/were/etc.), prepositions like “by” or “of • If there is a helping verb, to determine if it is passive, look at the end of the verb phrase • If it ends in past tense or participle, it is passive voice • She is going home. • She was unhappy with her brother. • Can be more confusing • My car was driven to Dallas. (By who? Some car thief?) • Five FBI agents entered the room, and the terrorist was plastered against the wall. (Was he there already and they found him? Did the agents put him there?) Why avoid them? ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES • A common way of expanding • the basic sentence is with modifiers--words that add to the meanings of other words. The simplest modifiers are adjectives and adverbs. Adjectives modify nouns, while adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. Phrases Like adjectives and adverbs, prepositional phrases add meaning to the nouns and verbs in sentences. A prepositional phrase has two basic parts: a preposition plus a noun or a pronoun that serves as the object of the preposition. Omit the filler phrases "it is," "there is," and "there are" at the beginning of sentences; these often delay the sentence's true subject and verb It is expensive to upgrade computer systems Upgrading computer systems is expensive Omit "this" from the beginning of a sentence by joining it to the preceding sentence with a comma Chlorofluorocarbons have been banned from aerosols. This has lessened the ozone layer's depletion Chlorofluorocarbons have been banned from aerosols, lessening the ozone layer's depletion Wordiness Omit "which" or "that" altogether when possible. Because the fluid, which was brown and poisonous, was dumped into the river, the company that was negligent had to shut down Because the brown, poisonous fluid was dumped into t he river, the negligent company had to shut down. Replace prepositional phrases with one-word modifiers when possible The President of the Student Senate was in charge of the lobbying against the merger at the Minnesota Congress. The Student Senate President oversaw lobbying the Minnesota Congress against the merger Wordiness continued Use a colon after a statement preceding a sentence of explanation, and leave out the beginning of the next sentence The theater has three main technical areas. These areas are costumes, scenery, and lighting The theater has three main technical areas: costumes, scenery, and lighting. Avoid the overuse of qualifiers. `Qualified words can often be replaced by a single, more potent word Sue is extremely angry” could be shortened to “Sue is furious”. Wordiness continued Picture Page Layout