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Earth & Our Solar System No Messing Resources c Menu • Neptune • Recap of KS3 • Pluto • The Moon & Space Travel • Asteroids • The Solar System • The Sun • Mercury • Venus • Earth • Mars • Meteorites • Comets • Solar System, Galaxies & The Universe • Gravity • Satellites • Is There E. T. Life? • Red Shift • Jupiter • The Life Cycle of a Star • Saturn • Related websites • Uranus No Messing Resources c Recap of KS3 Earth in Space No Messing Resources c A Day is the time for one spin No Messing Resources c What keeps the moon in orbit around the Earth? GRAVITY No Messing Resources c The Earth is divided up into the northern hemisphere and the southern hemisphere: The axis of the earth is tilted. This gives us Seasons Equator No Messing Resources c Autumn Spring Winter Summer Winter Summer Spring Autumn No Messing Resources c We see planets and the moon because they reflect sunlight: The sun is different – it produces its own light. No Messing Resources c We see stars because the light enters our eyes directly - Stars are luminous objects (planets are non- luminous). The sun is different – it produces its own light. No Messing Resources c Solar Systems, Galaxies and the Universe OUR SUN is one of millions of stars that orbit the centre of… THE MILKY WAY THE UNIVERSE (which is one of a billion galaxies that orbit AND move away from the centre of…) No Messing Resources c Europe From Space (Can you spot where you live?) No Messing Resources c Where is This? No Messing Resources c It wasn’t the Moon! Asteroids have hit the Earth thousands of times in the past. Did you know?- an asteroid the size of your local mountain killed the dinosaurs No Messing Resources c Return to Menu The Moon & Space Travel No Messing Resources c The Moon is 250 Thousand Miles Away!! Where is the sunlight coming from? Sunlight No Messing Resources c Remember…. Light travels in straight lines! The Moon • The Earth has 1 moon. It takes 1 month to orbit the Earth • It is a natural satellite of the Earth and is 250,000 miles away • It is responsible for our tides , has no atmosphere and gravity of only 1/6th No Messing Resources c of Earths Astronauts • The first person in Space was Yuri Gagarin 1961 • Neil Armstrong was the first person to stand on the moon on 20th July 1969 • Only 12 astronauts have stood on the moon (their footprints are still there) No Messing Resources c Shuttles • This is the first reusable spacecraft. It is the most complicated and expensive machine ever built • It has 28,000 individually made shuttle tiles for insulation No Messing Resources c This Machine Drives The Shuttle To The Launch Pad • It has less than 300 miles on the clock! • For every mile the CRAWLER travels it uses 150 gallons of fuel! No Messing Resources c This is the Vehicle Assembly Building • It is one of the biggest buildings in the world • It is SO BIG that clouds form inside it! • You could easily drive a BUS up each stripe on the American Flag No Messing Resources c Only 12 people have stood on the Moon No Messing Resources c They went in a rocket like this This is the ONLY part that the astronauts would live in. The rest of the rocket is fuel! No Messing Resources c When do you think people will live in space permanently? People are living in the International Space Station NOW! No Messing Resources c Return to Menu The Solar System No Messing Resources c The Solar System • The Sun • Asteroids • Meteorites and • 9 Planets (and their No Messing Resources •c comets moons) Menu The Sun No Messing Resources c The Sun • Is a Star at the centre of the Solar System. • It is about 5 Billion years old • Diameter 1.4 million km • Core temperature 15 million oC No Messing Resources c Return to Menu Mercury No Messing Resources c Mercury • This is the nearest planet to the Sun. It moves faster through space than any other planet (Orbit = 88 days) • Rotates so slowly that its day is longer than its year!) • Has the most extreme temperature variations of any planet (from –183oC on its dark side to 427 oC on the sunlit side) No Messing Resources c Return to Menu Venus No Messing Resources c Venus • Rocky planet and the second closest to the Sun • Spins backwards • The brightest and hottest planet in the sky (Temps about 480 oC) • It ‘Rains’ sulphuric acid (the greenhouse effect ‘gone wild’) • Winds reach 360 km/hour No Messing Resources c Return to Menu Earth No Messing Resources c Earth • 3rd Rock from the Sun • The only planet known to support life • Protective atmosphere blocks out harmful radiation • 70% covered by water • 4.5 billion years old • We travel through space at a speed of 108,000 km/h Return to Menu No Messing Resources c Mars No Messing Resources c Mars • Known as the Red Planet • Has the largest volcano in the solar system at 27km high! • Has 2 small moons • Rotation of 24.5 hours • Atmosphere is 95% carbon dioxide • This is the first picture that has been sent back from the surface of another planet No Messing Resources c Return to Menu Jupiter No Messing Resources c Jupiter • Largest planet in the Solar System (300 times bigger than Earth) • 28 moons • It is a gas planet and has no solid surface • Has a giant storm -the ‘Red Spot’ with 250 mph winds (twice the size of Earth) Return to Menu • Jupiter is SO big, all of the other planets No Messing Resources c could fit into it! Saturn No Messing Resources c Saturn • A Gas planet • Famous for its rings (made from rocks & ice particles) • At least 30 moons • Its winds blow in different directions but can reach 1,500 km/h • Saturn is less dense than water. This means it will float on No Messing Resources c water! Which Is Your Favourite? Saturn is pretty cool!!!! No Messing Resources c Menu Uranus No Messing Resources c Uranus • Third largest planet • Blue/ green colour due to traces of methane in the atmosphere • The only planet to spin on its side • 11 rings • 21 moons • Another gas planet No Messing Resources c Return to Menu Neptune No Messing Resources c Neptune • Has the fastest winds in the solar system (up to 2,000 km/h) • 8 moons • Triton is the coldest object in the solar system with a temperature of – 235 oC Return to Menu No Messing Resources c Pluto No Messing Resources c Pluto • Smallest planet in the Solar System • Farthest from the Sun • Only discovered in 1930 • The surface temperature is so cold (-220 oC) that even the atmosphere freezes • It takes 248 years to orbit the Sun No Messing Resources c Return to menu Asteroids No Messing Resources c Asteroids • Asteroids are material left over from the formation of the Solar System • They vary in size from a pebble to 1,000km in diameter • They are found mainly in the Asteroid Belt that lies between Mars & Jupiter • Some Asteroids are so big – they have their No Messing Resources c own moons Menu Meteorites No Messing Resources c Meteorites •Meteorites travel at 9 times the speed of a bullet •When they reach our atmosphere they ‘burn up’ because of the friction and the presence of oxygen in our atmosphere. No Messing Resources c Menu Comets No Messing Resources c Comets • A comet is simply a dirty snowball made from dust and ice • Comets range in size from between 1km to 10 km. • Once the Solar System would have swarmed with comets. Now they only visit us occasionally. • Usually found in the Kuiper Belt & Oort Cloud No Messing Resources c Menu The Solar System, Galaxies & The Universe No Messing Resources c Solar Systems, Galaxies and the Universe OUR SUN is one of millions of stars that orbit the centre of… THE MILKY WAY (which is one of a billion galaxies that orbit AND move away from the centre of…) THE UNIVERSE No Messing Resources c Menu Gravity No Messing Resources c The Earth Is Kept In Orbit By The Force Of… Gravity (…and by the fact that is is moving at a high velocity) No Messing Resources c Gravity (in Detail) The amount of gravity attracting an object decreases the further out the object is… If you double the distance the gravitational force divides by 4 If you triple the distance the force divides F/9by 9 No Messing Resources c Menu Satellites No Messing Resources c Satellites A satellite is anything that orbits something else. The Earth has a natural satellite (– the moon). The Earth has hundreds of artificial satellites orbiting around it. All satellites need two things in order to stay in orbit: • Gravity • High speed No Messing Resources c What Can We Use Satellites For? 1) Observation (e.g. Hubble Space Telescope) – these are in orbit high above the Earth and can observe the universe without interference by the atmosphere. It can take pictures like this….. Each swirl (and there are LOTS in this picture) is a GALAXY! No Messing Resources c 2) Communications (e.g. TV, phone, car navigational systems) – these satellites are in “geostationary” orbits. This means that the satellite always stays above the same point on the Earth. No Messing Resources c 3) Monitoring (e.g. weather, spy satellites) – these satellites have a “low polar” orbit and may scan around the Earth several times a day No Messing Resources c Return to menu Is There Life Anywhere Else? No Messing Resources c Is There Life Elsewhere? Obtaining evidence is difficult, time consuming and very costly! The options are:• Astronauts travel to Mars •Use robots to take pictures and send them back • Use robots to bring back samples No Messing Resources c How Can We Analyse The Evidence? •Use microscopes to search for remains inside sample. (eg in meteorite ALH 8001) •Place sample in container and monitor changes in the environment (due to living organisms) No Messing Resources c Is this evidence of Alien life? Menu Red Shift No Messing Resources c If you pass the light through a gas something different is seen… It is called Absorption Spectra This is the absorption spectrum from the Sun Absorption spectra show which wavelengths of light are absorbed by the gas (this is how we know the sun is made of helium). No Messing Resources c Light from stars and from the edge of the universe also shows this “REDSHIFT” which suggests that everything in the universe is moving away from a single point. No Messing Resources c REDSHIFT As Star moves away We see the colours of the spectrum moving towards the wavelength of RED No Messing Resources c Can you explain what each diagram is showing? A B C No Messing Resources c Return to menu The Life Cycle of a Star No Messing Resources c Stage 1 NEBULAE A nebula is a collection of dust, gas and rock. No Messing Resources c Stage 2 PROTOSTAR This is a NEBULA Gravity will slowly pull these particles together… No Messing Resources c Stage 3 MAIN SEQUENCE STAR (-Like Our Sun) The attraction forces pulling the particles inwards are BALANCED by forces acting outwards (due to the huge temperatures inside the star). Stars are like nuclear reactors that use hydrogen as a fuel. During this time it releases energy. No Messing Resources c Stage 4 RED GIANT Eventually the hydrogen and helium will run out. When this happens the star will become colder and redder and start to swell… Relatively small star (like our sun) …. Star 4 times size of our SUN… …becomes a RED GIANT … becomes RED SUPERGIANT No Messing Resources c Stage 5 The Star Dies What happens at this point depends on the size of the star… Red Giant White Dwarf No Messing Resources c Black Dwarf 2) If the star becomes a RED SUPERGIANT it will shrink and then EXPLODE, releasing massive amounts of energy, dust and gas. Red Supergiant Supernova No Messing Resources c The dust and gas on the outside of the supernova are thrown away by the explosion and the remaining core turns into a NEUTRON STAR. If the star is big enough it could become a BLACK HOLE. Neutron Star Supernova No Messing Resources c Black Hole Stage 6 Second Generation Stars Our sun is a “second generation star” because it contains heavier elements along with hydrogen and helium. These heavier elements would have been the products of a previous star that have been thrown out by a supernova. Heavy elements (such as GOLD) are also found on Earth. Just think! …….Next time you wear GOLD…….it was made in a Supernovae!!! No Messing Resources c Return to Menu Related Websites No Messing Resources c http://www.scienceyear.com/sciteach/start.html Information, ideas and classroom resources. Planet Science was put together for Science Year, (some great resources – well worth a look). http://www.scienceyear.com/planet10/ - Great 3D animations of the solar system with soundtrack, (includes the ability to zoom in and out, change viewing angles etc) http://www.brainpop.com/science/space/solarsystem / No Messing Resources c http://www.brainpop.com/science/weather /seasons/index.weml - Seasons, a great explanation of why we have seasons, (Earth’s tilt etc). http://www.bbc.co.uk/planets/ - BBC’s Planets site, lots of information on each planet: history, stats, etc (jigsaw activities to build the solar system, place all the moons, and identify artificial satellites). No Messing Resources c Gravity and space http://www.brainpop.com/science/forces/gravity/ (gravity) http://www.brainpop.com/science/space/ http://www.brainpop.com/science/forces/relativity/ (relativity) http://library.thinkquest.org/27585/ - From Apples to Orbits: lovely interactive site about gravity, its history and its effects. Includes an interactive lab. http://sciencemonster.com/ - Takes you on a tour of Mars and the stars. Includes a virtual globe and information on gravity and inertia. No Messing Resources c http://www.sprocketworks.com/shockwave/loa d.asp?SprMovie= missionpathsweb - Play with interactive animations to learn how four different space missions used gravity assists to save fuel and gain momentum. No Messing Resources c Return to menu