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Histology Human Anatomy and Histology course Lecturer: Anna Barlasov PhD TYPES OF TISSUES 1. EPITHELIAL TISSUE covers body surfaces, lines hollow organs, body cavities, and ducts. It also forms glands. 2. CONNECTIVE TISSUE protects and supports the body and its organs. Various types of connective tissue bind organs together, store energy reserves as fat, and help provide immunity to disease-causing organisms 3. MUSCULAR TISSUE generates the physical force needed to make body structures move. 4. NERVOUS TISSUE detects changes in a variety of conditions inside and outside the body and responds by generating nerve impulses that activate muscular contractions and glandular secretions. Anatomy and Histology 2014 H-2 EPITHELIAL TISSUE Apical surface • Closely packed cells, little intercellular space. • Single or Multiple layers Epithelium • Has nerve supply Basal surface Connective tissue • No blood vessels • Forms boundaries between Basement body organs or between the membrane body and external environment • Constant renewal of cells – high rate of mitosis Anatomy and Histology 2014 H-3 Types of Epithelial tissue 1) Covering and lining epithelium forms the outer covering of the skin and some internal organs. It also forms the inner lining of blood vessels, ducts, and body cavities, and the interior of the respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems. 2) Glandular epithelium makes up the secreting portion of glands such as the thyroid gland, adrenal glands, and sweat glands. Anatomy and Histology 2014 H-4 Covering and Lining Epithelium Cell shapes Squamous Cuboidal Columnar Basement membrane Anatomy and Histology 2014 H-5 Covering and Lining Epithelium Layers arrangement Simple Pseudostratified Stratified Basement membrane Anatomy and Histology 2014 H-6 Classification of Covering and Lining Epithelium I. Simple epithelium A. Simple squamous epithelium B. Simple cuboidal epithelium C. Simple columnar epithelium (nonciliated and ciliated) D. Pseudostratified columnar epithelium (nonciliated and ciliated) II. Stratified epithelium A. Stratified squamous epithelium (keratinized and nonkeratinized) B. Stratified cuboidal epithelium C. Stratified columnar epithelium D. Transitional epithelium Anatomy and Histology 2014 H-7 Simple squamous epithelium Description: Single layer of flat cells; centrally located nucleus. Location: 1.Lines heart, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, 2. Lines air sacs of lungs, 3. Lines glomerular capsule of kidneys, 4. Forms epithelial layer of serous membranes. Function: Filtration, diffusion, osmosis, and secretion in serous membranes. Anatomy and Histology 2014 H-8 Simple cuboidal epithelium Description: Single layer of cube-shaped cells; centrally located nucleus. Location: 1. Covers surface of ovary, 2. lines anterior surface of capsule of the lens of the eye, 3. forms the pigmented epithelium at the posterior surface of the eye, 3. lines kidney tubules and smaller ducts of many glands, 4. makes up the secreting portion of some glands such as the thyroid gland Function: Secretion and absorption. Anatomy and Histology 2014 H-9 Simple columnar epithelium Non-Ciliated Simple columnar epithelium Description: Single layer of nonciliated column-like cells with nuclei near base of cells; contains goblet cells and cells with microvilli in some locations. lumen Microvilli Microvilli Mucus in goblet cell Absortive cell Location: Lines (1) the gastrointestinal tract (from the stomach to the anus), (2) ducts of many glands, and (3) gallbladder. Function: Secretion and absorption. Anatomy and Histology 2014 H-10 Simple columnar epithelium Ciliated Simple columnar epithelium Description: Single layer of ciliated column-like cells with nuclei near base; contains goblet cells in some locations. Cilia Cilia Mucus in goblet cell Location: Lines (1) some bronchioles (small tubes) of respiratory tract, (2) uterine (fallopian) tubes, (3) uterus, (4) some Paranasal sinuses, (5) central canal of spinal cord, and ventricles of the brain. Function: Moves mucus and other substances by ciliary action. Anatomy and Histology 2014 H-11 Pseudostratified columnar epithelium Pseudostratified Ciliated columnar epithelium lines the airways of most of upper respiratory tract. Function: Secretion and movement of mucus by ciliary action. Pseudostratified Nonciliated columnar epithelium lines larger ducts of many glands, epididymis, and part of male urethra. Anatomy and Histology 2014 H-12 Stratified squamous epithelium Description: Several layers of cells; cuboidal to columnar shape in deep layers; squamous cells form the apical layer and several layers deep to it; cells from the basal layer replace surface cells as they are lost. Function: Protection. Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium Location: Lines wet surfaces, such as lining of the mouth, esophagus, part of larynx, part of pharynx, and vagina, and covers the tongue. Anatomy and Histology 2014 H-13 Stratified squamous epithelium Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium Location: forms superficial layer of skin Dead keratinocytes Keratinocyte Epidermis Dermis Anatomy and Histology 2014 H-14 Stratified cuboidal epithelium Description: Two or more layers of cells in which the cells in the apical layer are cube-shaped. Location: Ducts of adult sweat glands and esophageal glands and part of male urethra. Function: Protection and limited secretion and absorption. Anatomy and Histology 2014 H-15 Stratified columnar epithelium Description: Several layers of irregularly shaped cells; only the apical layer has columnar cells. Location: Lines part of urethra, large excretory ducts of some glands, such as esophageal glands, small areas in anal mucous membrane, and part of the conjunctiva of the eye. Function: Protection and secretion. Anatomy and Histology 2014 H-16 Transitional epithelium Description: Appearance is variable (transitional); shape of cells in apical layer ranges from squamous (when stretched) to cuboidal (when relaxed). Location: Lines urinary bladder and portions of ureters and urethra. Function: Permits distension. Anatomy and Histology 2014 H-17 Glandular Epithelium: Endocrine glands Thyroid follicle Description: Secretory products (hormones) diffuse into blood after passing through interstitial fluid. Function: Produce hormones that regulate various body activities. Location: Examples include pituitary gland at base of brain, pineal gland in brain, thyroid and parathyroid glands, adrenal glands superior to kidneys, pancreas, ovaries , testes, and thymus. Anatomy and Histology 2014 H-18 Glandular Epithelium: Exocrine glands Lumen of duct of sweat gland Description: Secretory products released into ducts. Function: Produce substances such as sweat, oil, earwax, saliva, or digestive enzymes. Location: Sweat, oil, and earwax glands of the skin; digestive glands such as salivary glands, which secrete into mouth cavity, and pancreas, which secretes into the small intestine. Anatomy and Histology 2014 H-19 CONNECTIVE TISSUE Connective Tissue is one of the most abundant and widely distributed tissues in the body. It protects and supports the body and its organs. Various types of connective tissue bind organs together, store energy reserves as fat, and help provide immunity to disease-causing organisms. • Do not usually occur on body surfaces. • Highly vascular; except for cartilage. • Supplied with nerves, except for cartilage Anatomy and Histology 2014 H-20 CONNECTIVE TISSUE Extracellular Matrix Protein Fibers Cells Ground Substance Macrophage Reticular fiber Fibroblast Collagen fiber Mast cell Elastic fiber Plasma cell Ground substance Adipocyte White blood cells Anatomy and Histology 2014 H-21 Classification of Connective Tissues Loose connective tissue: 1. Areolar connective tissue 2. Adipose tissue 3. Reticular connective tissue Dense connective tissue: 1. Dense regular connective tissue 2. Dense irregular connective tissue 3. Elastic connective tissue Cartilage: 1. Hyaline cartilage 2. Fibrocartilage 3. Elastic cartilage Bone tissue Blood tissue Lymph Anatomy and Histology 2014 H-22 Loose Connective Tissue 1. Areolar connective tissue Description: Consists of fibers (collagen, elastic, and reticular) and several kinds of cells (fibroblasts, macrophages, plasma cells, adipocytes, and mast cells) embedded in a semifluid ground substance. Location: Subcutaneous layer deep to skin; papillary (superficial) region of dermis of skin; lamina propria of mucous membranes; and around blood vessels, nerves, and body organs. Function: Strength, elasticity, and support. Anatomy and Histology 2014 H-23 Loose Connective Tissue 2. Adipose tissue Description: Consists of adipocytes, cells specialized to store triglycerides (fats) as a large centrally located droplet; nucleus and cytoplasm are peripherally located. Location: Subcutaneous layer deep to skin, around heart and kidneys, yellow bone marrow, and padding around joints and behind eyeball in eye socket. Function: Reduces heat loss through skin, serves as an energy reserve, supports, and protects. Anatomy and Histology 2014 H-24 Loose Connective Tissue 3. Reticular connective tissue Description: A network of interlacing reticular fibers and reticular cells. Location: Stroma (supporting framework) of liver, spleen, lymph nodes; red bone marrow, which gives rise to blood cells; reticular lamina of the basement membrane; and around blood vessels and muscles. Function: Forms stroma of organs; binds together smooth muscle tissue cells; filters and removes worn-out blood cells in the spleen and microbes in lymph nodes. Anatomy and Histology 2014 H-25 Dense connective tissue 1. Dense regular connective tissue Description: Extracellular matrix looks shiny white; consists mainly of collagen fibers regularly arranged in bundles; fibroblasts present in rows between bundles Location: Forms tendons (attach muscle to bone), most ligaments (attach bone to bone), and aponeuroses (sheet-like tendons that attach muscle to muscle or muscle to bone). Function: Provides strong attachment between various structures. Anatomy and Histology 2014 H-26 Dense connective tissue 2. Dense irregular connective tissue Description: Consists predominantly of collagen fibers randomly arranged and a few fibroblasts. Location: Fasciae (tissue beneath skin and around muscles and other organs), reticular (deeper) region of dermis of skin, periosteum of bone, joint capsules, perichondrium of cartilage, membrane capsules around various organs (kidneys, liver, testes, lymph nodes), pericardium of the heart, and heart valves. Function: Provides strength. Anatomy and Histology 2014 H-27 Dense connective tissue 3. Elastic connective tissue Description: Consists predominantly of freely branching elastic fibers; fibroblasts are present in spaces between fibers. Location: Lung tissue, walls of elastic arteries, trachea, bronchial tubes, true vocal cords, suspensory ligament of penis, and some ligaments between vertebrae. Function: Allows stretching of various organs. Anatomy and Histology 2014 H-28 Cartilage • Cartilage consists of a dense network of collagen fibers and elastic fibers firmly embedded in gel-like component of the ground substance. • Chondrocytes, cells of mature cartilage, occur singly or in groups within spaces called lacunae (little lakes). • Perichondrium (membrane of dense irregular tissue) covers the surface of most cartilage • No blood vessels (except for perichondrium) • No nerves (except for perichondrium) Chondrocyte Lacunae Perichondrium Anatomy and Histology 2014 H-29 Cartilage 1. Hyaline cartilage Description: Consists of a bluish-white, shiny ground substance with thin, fine collagen fibers and many chondrocytes; most abundant type of cartilage. Location: Ends of long bones, anterior ends of ribs, nose, parts of larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchial tubes, and embryonic and fetal skeleton. Function: Provides smooth surfaces for movement at joints, as well as flexibility and support. Anatomy and Histology 2014 H-30 Cartilage 2. Fibrocartilage Description: Consists of chondrocytes scattered among thick bundles of collagen fibers within the extracellular matrix. Location: Pubic symphysis (point where hip bones join anteriorly), intervertebral discs (discs between vertebrae), menisci (cartilage pads) of knee, and portions of tendons that insert into cartilage. Function: Support and fusion. Anatomy and Histology 2014 H-31 Cartilage 3. Elastic cartilage Description: Consists of chondrocytes located in a threadlike network of elastic fibers within the extracellular matrix. Location: Lid on top of larynx (epiglottis), part of external ear (auricle), and auditory (eustachian) tubes. Function: Gives support and maintains shape Anatomy and Histology 2014 H-32 Bone Tissue Matrix Cells Collagen Fibers Osteogenic cells Solid Ground Substance Osteoblast Osteocyte Osteoclast Anatomy and Histology 2014 H-33 Cells of the Bone Tissue Osteogenic cell develops into osteoblast Osteoblast forms bone tissue Osteocyte maintains bone tissue Anatomy and Histology 2014 Osteoclast Resorption – destruction of bone matrix H-34 Bone tissue Compact bone Medullary cavity Lamellae Osteon (Haversian system) Osteocyte Spongy bone Canaliculi Trabeculae Spongy bone Lacuna Compact bone Anatomy and Histology 2014 Central (Haversian) canal H-35 Bone Tissue Lacuna Lamellae Canaliculi Osteocyte Osteoclast Trabeculae Osteoblasts aligned along trabeculae of the new bone Lamellae - concentric rings of extracellular matrix that consist of mineral salts Lacunae - small spaces between lamellae that contain mature bone cells called osteocytes. Anatomy and Histology 2014 Canaliculi - networks of minute canals containing the processes of osteocytes H-36 Blood Description: Consists of blood plasma (55%) and formed elements (45%): red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes), and platelets (thrombocytes). Location: Within blood vessels (arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins) and within the chambers of the heart. Function: Red blood cells transport oxygen and some carbon dioxide; white blood cells carry on phagocytosis and are involved in allergic reactions and immune system responses; platelets are essential for the clotting of blood Anatomy and Histology 2014 H-37 Lymph Lymph is the extracellular fluid that flows in lymphatic vessels. It is a connective tissue that consists of several types of cells in a clear liquid extracellular matrix that is similar to blood plasma but with much less protein. The composition of lymph varies from one part of the body to another. Anatomy and Histology 2014 H-38 MUSCULAR TISSUES Skeletal Muscle Tissue Cardiac Muscle Tissue Smooth Muscle Tissue Anatomy and Histology 2014 H-39 Skeletal Muscle tissue Description: Long, cylindrical, striated fibers with many peripherally located nuclei; voluntary control. Location: Usually attached to bones by tendons. Function: Motion, posture, heat production, and protection. Anatomy and Histology 2014 H-40 Cardiac Muscle Tissue Description: Branched striated fibers with one or two centrally located nuclei; contains intercalated discs; involuntary control. Location: Heart wall. Function: Pumps blood to all parts of the body. Anatomy and Histology 2014 H-41 Smooth Muscle Tissue Description: Spindle-shaped (thickest in middle and tapering at both ends), nonstriated fibers with one centrally located nucleus; involuntary control. Location: Iris of the eyes, walls of hollow internal structures such as blood vessels, airways to the lungs, stomach, intestines, gallbladder, urinary bladder, and uterus. Function: Motion (constriction of blood vessels and airways, propulsion of foods through gastrointestinal tract, contraction of urinary bladder and gallbladder). Anatomy and Histology 2014 H-42 NERVOUS TISSUE Description: Consists of neurons (nerve cells) and neuroglia. Neurons consist of a cell body and processes extending from the cell body (multiple dendrites and a single axon). Neuroglia do not generate or conduct nerve impulses but have other important supporting functions. Location: Nervous system. Function: Exhibits sensitivity to various types of stimuli, converts stimuli into nerve impulses (action potentials), and conducts nerve impulses to other neurons, muscle fibers, or glands. Anatomy and Histology 2014 H-43