Download ZOOLOGY - Benchmark 2 Study Guide 1. Approximately what

ZOOLOGY - Benchmark 2 Study Guide
1. Approximately what percentage of animals are invertebrates?
2. What are invertebrates?
3. Name the phyla of invertebrates and members of each phyla.
Sponges
4. __________ are in the phylum Porifera. There are about _____ different species & most of these are
_________ organisms found in oceans & seas. A few sponges are found in __________, but these are small
and not brightly colored.
5. Sponges are _____________ that trap __________ from water as it flows through them.
6. Sponges have no basic body arrangement and are said to be ________________.
7. Sponges live attached to one spot as adults so they are __________.
8. The skeleton of sponges is made of a flexible protein called ___________ and hard fibers called
__________ which are composed of calcium carbonate or silicon dioxide.
9. Sponges are full of holes called __________ through which water flows into their __________ bodies.
10. Sponges are the simplest animals and lack the __________ level of specialization like all other animals.
Sponges do have some specialized _________ in their bodies.
11. Special cells called choanocytes line the pores and have __________ that spin to pull in water.
12. __________cells at the base of choanocytes capture plankton from the water & start digesting it.
13. _______________ are special cells that carry this food to all other parts of the sponge.
14. Wastes and excess water leave a sponge through a large opening at the top called the __________.
15. Sponges reproduce asexually by internal or external __________ and by _______________ whenever a
piece of a sponge breaks off. This last method helps sponges form _____________.
16. Sponges reproduce sexually also and are _______________ producing both eggs and sperm. Sponges
__________ sperm with each other and do not fertilize their own eggs.
17. Internal buds or ____________ form if the freshwater supply evaporates and are release when the
sponge __________ and become ___________ when freshwater returns.
Cnidarians
17. The phylum Cnidaria includes what organisms?
18. All cnidarians are _______________ organisms except for the __________ which is found in freshwater.
19. Cnidarians all have _______________ symmetry and _____________ or arms that have stinging cells called
_______________. These stinging cells shoot out like a _______________ and contain a __________ that
can kill or paralyze their prey.
20. Cnidarians have _____ body layers; an inner _______________ and an outer ____________.
21. Cnidarians have _______ opening into their hollow bodies called the __________ so food enters and
wastes leave through this same opening. This is called a ________________ digestive system.
22. The hollow cavity the mouth opens into is called the ____________________ cavity.
23. Cnidarians have 2 body forms. ___________ forms have the mouth & tentacles located at the top like
Hydra, corals, and sea anemones. _____________forms like the jellyfish have their tentacles and mouth
located at the bottom.
24. Some cnidarians like the _______________ go through both polyp and medusa forms in their life cycle.
25. Cnidarians have a simple nerve _________ and can reproduce both _____________ and _____________.
26. Corals build _____________ cases that make underwater ___________.
Flatworms
27. Flatworms are in the phylum _______________ and are flattened ______________ with __________
symmetry.
28. Flatworms are said to be _________________ because of their solid body.
29. ___________and ____________ are parasitic flatworms having only _______ body opening called the
_____________.
30. Specialized _____________ cells remove wastes.
31. The ______________ is the most common free living flatworm. It is found in __________ or
_____________ places.
32. Planarians produce both eggs and sperm and are said to be ________________; however, they
_____________ sperm with other planarians. Planarians also reproduce asexually by _________________.
33. Flukes and tapeworms usually live in their host's ______________ tract resistant to digestive
_______________ allowing the __________ to digest their food.
34. Tapeworms are divided into sections called _________________ with complete _________________
structures. The head is called the _______________ and has both _________________ and ______________
to attach to the host.
35. Tapeworms are ___________________ and ______________ their own eggs which pass out of the host's
body in ripe ____________________ along with feces.
36. Humans get tapeworms from eating _______________________, while children pick up tapeworm eggs
from ________________ boxes.
Nematodes
37. _______________ are in the phylum Nematoda and are _________________ in shape and
________________ at both ends.
38. Roundworms are ____________________ because their body cavity or
________________is not fully
lined. The body cavity is filled with fluid giving them a ____________________ skeleton against which
_______________can contract.
39. Roundworms have a complete gut with both a ______________ and an _____________ giving them a
________________ digestive tract.
40. Roundworms have no ____________ and no ___________ but can digest food.
41. Most roundworms are _________________ with ________________ symmetry and no
_____________________. They are found in _______________________.
42. A protective __________________covers them and must be _____________.
43. Roundworms reproduce _________________.
44. The roundworm called Trichinella causes the disease _______________ and is picked up when someone
eats ________________________. This disease affects the ______________ and _______________.
45. The roundworm Ascaris parasitizes human _____________________. __________________ and
_________________ are common parasites of humans, and the Filaria worm attacks the _________________
system causing great swelling.
Mollusks
50. Name several organisms in the phylum Mollusca.
51.Mollusks have a durable shell made of ________________ and are found
52. List several economic importance's of this group.
53. Name the 2 largest invertebrates.
________________.
54. Mollusks have ________________ symmetry and a ___________________ containing their body organs.
Mollusks also have a muscular ____________ for movement which can be modified into arms or
_________________.
55. Mollusks breathe through ________________ or________________ located below a protective layer
called the _______________. This layer can also form an external _____________.
56. The ______________ is a rough tongue for scraping food.
57. Mollusks have a ___________________ heart and an ______________________circulatory system.
58. Mollusks reproduce ___________________ and go through a free swimming larval stage called the
_______________________.
59. ____________________ mollusks have a muscular foot on their belly and include the shelled
_______________ and the unshelled ________________.
60. ___________________ mollusks have a 2 part hinged shell that is opened and closed by
_________________ muscles. They move by ___________________ or by extending their muscular
_______________, and they respire through __________________.
61. Name some bivalve mollusks.
62. _____________________ are head-foot mollusks that have a _______________ and ________________,
arms or ___________________, and ____________________ to move by jet propulsion.
63. Name some cephalopod mollusks.
64. What is the only shelled cephalopod?
65. Cephalopods breathe through _______________ .
66. Cephalopods are the most ________________________ mollusks.
67. The _____________________ & ________________ can secrete an inky substance into the water to
escape predators and have an __________________ shell.
Annelids
68. Annelids are ____________________ worms found in _________________.
69. External segments correspond to internal segments called _______________.
70. Give two ways that segmentation is an advantage for an organism.
71. Annelids have a tube within a tube body plan called the ___________________ where the body
_______________ are located. This tube runs from the _________________ to the _______________ and is
fully _______________.
72. Annelids show ______________________ by having bilateral symmetry with an anterior head where most
sense organs are found.
73. Coelomic fluid gives annelids a ______________________ skeleton.
74. The best known member of this group is the ____________________ which moves by external bristles
called _________________ on each body segment. These bristles are made of _________________.
Earthworms respire through their ________________________ and have a ___________________ circulatory
system and _____________ pairs of hearts or aortic arches.
75. Describe how an earthworm feeds and tell how this helps the environment.
76. What are castings and where can they be found?
77. ______________ are annelids with _____________ at both the anterior and posterior end. Anterior
suckers are used to __________________________ , while posterior suckers help to
____________________________.
78. Most leeches are _______________________ or ____________________, but blood sucking leeches are
collected for ___________________________.
79. Both leeches and earthworms produce eggs and sperm and are called
_______________________;
however, leeches lack ________________ and are flattened _________________________.
80. ___________________ are marine annelids whose setae are modified into paddle like
____________________ for movement and more area for _______________________.
81. Polychaetes live commensally with what other organisms?
Echinoderms
115. Give some examples of echinoderms.
116. What does echinoderm mean?
117. Why are echinoderms considered to be the most advanced invertebrates?
118. All invertebrates, except echinoderms, are considered to be________________ because their blastopore
becomes their _________________.
119. Echinoderms have an __________________ made of movable or fixed calcium plates called
___________________, ___________________ symmetry with a ______________ part body plan, no
__________________ or _________________ as adults, and extendable ________________________ for
movement.
120. Echinoderms have a ___________________________ system composed of canals. Water enters a pore
called the ______________________ and goes through a short _________________ canal to the
_______________ canal. __________________ canals connect to the ring canal & determine the 5 part body
plan.
121. How do starfish use their water vascular system when feeding?
122. _____________________ are used for respiration and________________.
123. Echinoderms reproduce asexually by _____________________ or sexually with _________________
fertilization.
124. Starfish are in the class ____________________ and are active marine _______________ With
_______________ arms attached to a _______________________. Their mouth is located on the underside
or _________________ surface. ___________________ mollusks are favorite food of starfish. They can eject
their _________________ into the clam and digest it.
125. ___________________ and ____________________ are in the class Echinoidea and they lack distinct
__________________. They do have five rows of protruding _____________________ which they use along
with external __________________ for movement. Triangular ________________ around the mouth help
them scrap or crush their food. They graze on __________________,
____________________, & dead fish.
126. The class Crinoidea contains ______________________ & ______________________.
127. Crinoids have upright, highly branching ________________ around their mouth which they use for
_________________________. Sea lilies are attached by a _________________, while feather stars are able
to ________________ and move about.
128. Brittle stars are in the class ________________ and have slender _______________ that easily break off
to escape predators.
129. Holothuroidea contains ___________________ that are soft, sluglike marine creatures with
___________________ outer skin. They usually lie ________________________ and can eject part of their
_____________________ to scare away predators. They move with
_________________ or by
____________________________. Some of these are _________________________ which is unusual for
echinoderms.