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INVERTEBRATES Kaila Dumpling Green Ryan McMasterCoolguySlick INVERTEBRATES Definition of Invertebrates: animals that lack a backbone There are several different classifications of invertebrates, here are a few key classifications Sponges Annelids Echinoderms Mollusks Arthropods KEY MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS SPONGES Diverged from the protists 600 million years ago Protists: unicellular eukaryotic organisms Unable to move Move: mobile No germ layers Germ layers: layers of cells formed in the embryonic stage No specialized organs: group of tissues working together to perform a specific function Just a group of cells, chillin’ ANNELIDS Common examples Earthworms, leeches, polychaetes Bilaterally symmetrical 3 germ layers Body systems Digestive, nervous, circulatory, excretory Nearly all have coelom Coelom: Cavity filled with fluid between the outer wall and gut Body wall Permanent outer shell; never shed or grown out of ECHINODERMS Common Examples: Sea stars and sea urchins Endoskeleton The skeleton is enclosed in the epidermis Coelomate Bilateral symmetry Triploblastic Three cell layers Ectoderm: epidermis and neural tissue Endoderm: Forms digestive and respiratory systems Mesoderm: Forms organ systems, brain, nervous system, muscular skeletal system Large gonads Specialized organs Body systems Digestive, nervous, circulatory, respiratory, reproductive, excretory Tubular feet that act as suction cups MOLLUSKS 4 basic forms Chitons, snails, bivalva, octopi/squids All have true coelom Visceral mass Muscular foot Radial Symmetry Triploblasts Shell Radula (except bivalve) Body systems Musculoskeletal, Digestive, Nervous, Circulatory, Respiratory, Reproductive, Excretory ARTHROPODS Common examples Insects, arachnids, crustaceans Exoskeleton Skeleton made of chitin covered with a protective layer Segmented bodies Six legs or more Bilateral symmetry Body systems Musculoskeletal, digestive, circulatory, respiratory, excretory, nervous Triploblasts Coelomates KEY PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS SPONGES Since there are no germ layers or specialized organs, they don’t do much They filter the water for food much like bacteria Least complex invertebrate out of the five discussed Asexual Reproduction ANNELIDS Sexual reproduction Triploblastic Hydrostatic skeleton to provide structure Consists of the coelom surrounded by muscles Hermaphroditic Both male and female reproductive organs ECHINODERMS Sexual reproduction Water-vascular system Consists of water-filled canals that connect the feet The canals are connected to water filled bulbs that when contracted, extend the feet Open body cavity that contain large phagocytic cells that transport food and store insoluble wastes Simple nervous system able to detect temperature, light, vibrations, and sensory receptors Regeneration powers MOLLUSKS Sexual Reproduction Mantle cavity Internal space that exchange carbon dioxide to oxygen Gonads Chamber to pump water and filter food particles Also a sensory organ that tests the water/air and dumps waste products and is a safe place for eggs to mature On the mantle, they have sensory organs such as eyes or sensory tentacles Kidneys receive fluid from the coelom and process it into urine Radula Feeding apparatus ARTHROPODS Air goes directly to cells Tracheal system of air tubes that delivers oxygen directly to cells and tissue Highly developed sensory organs Touch, smell, hearing, balancing, chemical reception, etc. Every type of feeding mode Filter feeding, oral feeders, etc. Most perform sexual reproduction Few, such as barnacles, are hermaphroditic LIFE CYCLES SPONGES ANNELIDS ECHINODERMS MOLLUSKS ARTHROPODS KEY EVOLUTIONARY TRENDS Change in germ layers from one classification to another promoting the specialization of cells Ex: Cells > tissues > organs > organ systems Radial symmetry vs. Bilateral symmetry vs. No symmetry Evolution of the coelom- becomes a visceral mass Unsegmented to segmented body parts The development of an exoskeleton (arthropods) ECOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE SPONGES Sponges filter the water, they trap different forms of bacteria That bacteria is able to creates nitrogen that is released back into its surroundings when the sponge “exhales” Nitrogen is beneficial to the survival of other organisms in the water/ecosystem ANNELIDS Decomposers! make soil rich for plants ECHINODERMS Compost soil Prey upon small dead organisms and poop them out Control the growth of seaweed; less sea urchins means more seaweed MOLLUSKS They are food for many organisms we eat, such as fish. They recycle plant and animal waste, keeping the water clean and healthy They are good representatives of the health of an ecosystem as a whole If mollusks are healthy, so is the entire ecosystem ARTHROPODS Flowering plants need them to pollinate Ex: Bees, wasps, and ants help to pollinate plants Provide food for animals such as birds ECONOMICAL SIGNIFICANCE The marine invertebrates are edible and easily accessible Can be sold retail for customer consumption The shell of mollusks can be sold for the manufacturer of lime EVOLUTIONARY SIGNIFICANCE A sponge and a beetle are both invertebrates, yet a beetle is significantly more complex than a sponge. Therefore, the evolutionary significance of invertebrates becomes obvious in the difference of complexity and traits. The more complex the invertebrate, the more hox genes they have. Most invertebrates have only one hox gene, but the more complex means more hox genes.
