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All You Need to Know About Evolution
Abiogenesis –This is an early belief that life comes from non-living things. “Spontaneous Generation”. This is not what
happens, but was what people originally believed.
For example, Aristotle believed alligators
spontaneously arise from rotten logs left underwater.
Urey & Miller - Earth’s early atmosphere contained NO
OXYGEN. Miller and Urey showed that if you put the early
atmospheric gases of Earth in a flask and sparked them, you
could easily create amino acids and nucleotides.
Biogenesis – Life comes from life. This is what happens.
Redi – showed maggots come from fliesno flies, no maggots
Pasteur – can sterilize “Pasteurize” bacteria with heat.
– bacteria come from pre-existing bacteria
Adaptive Radiation/Divergent Evolution/Speciation – Darwin believed all organisms evolved
from common ancestors. New species will evolve as variations are favored in a particular environment. As
long as groups are kept separate through geographic isolation, each generation gets more and more different
from the ancestral species. We can compare species biochemically by comparing their DNA to determine
evolutionary relationships. Those with more similar sequences are more related and share a more recent
common ancestor.
Vestigial structures – Structures
Homologus structures are those
Analogous structures are those
that have no function in the modern
that have a different function but
that have the same function but
organism, yet had a function in past
shared ancestry (whale flipper – bat
different ancestry (bird wing-butterfly
ancestors. For example, whales have
wing). Homologous structures
wing). Analogous structures don’t
a pelvis. A pelvis is used for walking
provide evidence of evolutionary
provide evidence of evolutionary
upright.
relationships.
relationships.
NATURAL SELECTION – Darwin’s idea that within a population, there are variations (differences). Some variations are more
favorable than others. Parents produce more offspring than can survive so those with the more favorable traits will make it. For
example, lions that are faster will be favored by mother nature over those that are slower. Organisms with those favorable traits
survive to reproduce, passing on those traits to the next generation. Those who don’t have favorable traits, die. (Survival of the
Fittest). This is how Darwin explained how species change over time. Variation is important in a species because it helps ensure the
survival of the species. If every organism is the same, one virus or one environmental issue could wipe out the species.
** Pesticide and Antibiotic Resistance – When we use an antibiotic (to kill a bacteria) or a pesticide (to kill insects), some
are naturally immune due to their DNA. They survive and reproduce, passing on the resistance. The next generation is
not killed by the antibiotic or pesticide.
Questions:
1. The diagram below represents some changes that took place in a bacterial population recently exposed to an
antibiotic.
Which statement would best explain the presence of bacteria on day 4?
(A) A bacterial population cannot survive exposure to antibiotics.
(B) This bacterial population cannot survive exposure to this antibiotic.
(C) Bacteria can change whenever it is necessary to survive antibiotic treatment.
(D) Some of the bacterial population was resistant to this antibiotic.
2. Which two finches could temporarily occupy the same niche?
(A) large ground finch and warbler finch
(B) vegetarian tree finch and medium ground finch
(C) large insectivorous tree finch and woodpecker finch
(D) small insectivorous tree finch and cactus ground
finch
3. Several of the Galapagos Islands are inhabited by
grasshoppers, beetles, flies, bees, and butterflies. Finches that
feed on these consumers would have beaks adapted for
(A) probing, only
(B) crushing or probing
(C) probing or grasping
(D) parrotlike feeding or grasping
4. A population of white moths lives in a forest near a factory. This factory burns coal and pollutes the air with black dust. O ver time,
this dust has settled on the trees in the area, making them darker in color. This could result in (A) an increase in the white moth population
(B) a decrease in the white moth population
(C) an increase in the number of trees in the area
(D) a decrease in the air pollution affecting the area
5. A new study from a University shows that a rare strawberry-tinted land iguana [rosada iguana] in the Galapagos Islands is
genetically distinct from other iguanas there, having diverged from them more than five million years ago as the archipelago [a
group of islands] formed. The rosada iguana—which escaped Darwin’s notice—was discovered only recently, largely because it lives
on the desolate slopes of an active volcano. According to information in the article, it is most likely that:
(A) the ancestors of this iguana were separated from ancestors of other Galapagos iguanas millions of years ago and
adapted to different environments
(B) the ancestors of this iguana came from the mainland of South America millions of years ago and needed to adapt to the
conditions of the Galapagos
(C) gases released from an active volcano caused ancestral iguanas to mutate so they could adapt to the hot, dry
environment near the volcano
(D) it is a color variation of the same species of iguana that lives elsewhere on the island, and it was not discovered because
it blended in with its environment near the volcano