Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Electrical resistivity and conductivity wikipedia , lookup
Work (physics) wikipedia , lookup
Conservation of energy wikipedia , lookup
Field (physics) wikipedia , lookup
Introduction to gauge theory wikipedia , lookup
Lorentz force wikipedia , lookup
Anti-gravity wikipedia , lookup
History of the battery wikipedia , lookup
Casimir effect wikipedia , lookup
Electric charge wikipedia , lookup
Aharonov–Bohm effect wikipedia , lookup
Text sections 25.1, 25.2, 25.4 • Potential Energy and Electric Potential • Field and Potential • Equipotential surfaces Practice problems: Chapter 25, problems 1, 5, 9, 32, 65 (Potential energy per unit charge) A “test charge” q is moved from A to B in a field: B E ds q + A Find: work done by the field. 1 Recall… or The work is proportional to the charge. The electric force is conservative. Define an electrostatic potential energy, U, such that: When the field does work on the test charge, electrostatic potential energy is converted to other forms of energy. so we introduce Electric Potential: or Units: 1 volt = 1 joule/coulomb (V) • V is a SCALAR field • V is produced by other charges Q • V is a little arbitrary; we can choose to set V=0 at any position (often at “infinity”) 2 • A unit of energy 1 eV = e × (1 volt) ≈ 1.609×10-19 J Find to accelerate electrons to 107 m/s. and V2 V1 - - v1 ≈ 0 v2 = 1×107 m/s 3 V2 V1 - - Solution: Since K1 = 0… OR 4 B q A + and -ΔV s cosθ d|| E V2 (low) V1 (high) Uniform E: ΔV = In general: Ed|| ( Note Units: 1 N/C = 1 volt/metre) 5 E ds q + work in infinitesimal displacement, dW = qE⋅ds = -qdV so in general, dV = - E⋅ds • (Imaginary) surfaces on which V has some uniform value • Equipotential surfaces are ⊥ field lines • A conductor is always an equipotential (if no current) • Closely spaced where |E| is large; widely spaced where |E| is weak. 6 battery 2 mm E = 50 000 N/C between the plates (uniform) a) Find battery voltage b) Sketch a few equipotentials E = 50 000 N/C between the plates (uniform) battery 2 mm The battery voltage is A) 50 000 volts B) 100 volts C) 25 volts D) 1.5 volts 7 battery 2 mm The equipotentials between the plates are A) vertical planes B) horizontal planes C) vertical lines D) spherical wire metal plate ------------+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + charged plastic slab - - - - - - - - - - - - - metal plate a) Which plate is at the higher potential? b) Which plate has the larger (negative) charge? 8 ------------- -q + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +2q -------------q The wire is removed, and the top plate is lifted up. Which plate is at the higher potential now? a) the upper plate b) the lower plate c) they are at the same potential V2 q,m gravity h = 1.0 mm V1 Oil droplet , with charge q = +5e (8×10-19 C) and mass m = 5×10-15 kg) Find: Potential Difference V2-V1 for equilibrium. answer: |ΔV| = 61 volts 9