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Study Guide for Nutrition Exam 3 Spring 2017 Dietary and Lifestyle Recommendations for Diabetes Mellitus Define/Describe/Explain: o DM type 1 o DM type 2 o Glucose o Insulin o Glucagon o Insulin shock o Hyperglycemia o Rebound hypoglycemia o Glycation o HB A1c o Retinopathy o Neuropathy o ketones o Ketoacidosis o Polyuria o Polydipsia o Polyphagia o Glycemic Index Hyperglycemia is common in both DM type 1 and DM type 2. List at least 5 reasons you should be concerned about hyperglycemia. Tell me all you know about DM type 1: incidence, cause, S&S, treatments, dietary guidelines, etc. Tell me all you know about DM type 2: incidence, cause(s), S&S, treatments, dietary guidelines, etc. JJames Updated 5/6/2017 1 Nutrients Affecting Alertness, Learning, Memory, Dementia, Alzheimer’s, etc. Define/Describe/Explain: o free radicals o antioxidants o essential fatty acids (such as omega 3 and omega 6) o neurotransmitters: acetylcholine, norepinephrine, and dopamine o dementia o Alzheimer’s Tell me all you know about free radicals and how antioxidants “protect” us from them. JJames Updated 5/6/2017 2 Human Digestive System [a.k.a. Gastrointestinal (GI) Tract] “How a piece of pie becomes a piece of poop.” Define/Describe/Explain: o esophagus o stomach o lower esophageal sphincter (LES) (a.k.a. gastroesophageal sphincter) o pyloric sphincter o rugae o pepsinogen o intrinsic factor o chyme o small intestine o villi of small intestine o pancreas o large intestine (a.k.a. colon) o rectum o sphincter o lumen o peristalsis (a.k.a. peristaltic contractions) o peptic ulcers o H. pylori o Lactose vs. lactase o Anaphylaxis (a.k.a. anaphylactic reaction) o GERD o Amylase o Proteases o Lipases What are the digestive enzymes added at the mouth, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine? What nutrient(s) is broken down by each enzyme? How long is food typically in the stomach, small intestine, and large intestine? Tell me all you know about GERD – causes, S&S, treatments (or how to live with it.) Tell me all you know about lactose intolerance – cause, S&S, treatments (or how to live with it.) If someone with lactose intolerance avoids all dairy products what nutrient(s) are they likely to be deficient in? What are some alternative non-dairy good sources of calcium? Tell me all you know about food allergies – causes, S&S, treatments (or how to live with it.) Name the 8 foods that cause 90% of all reactions. Tell me all you know about peptic ulcers – cause(s), S&S, and treatment. JJames Updated 5/6/2017 3 Immunity & Food Allergies o o o o o o o o o o o Leukocytes macrophages antigen antibodies Mast cells Histamine B cells allergen Allergic reaction (a.k.a. allergy) Food allergy Anaphylactic Shock (anaphylaxis) Identify several nutrients known to be required for a proper functioning (strong) immune system. What 8 foods cause 90% of all food allergies? For someone who is allergic to a food we say they were “sensitized” by one exposure but it’s the 2nd exposure that causes the signs and symptoms. Explain how all this works. Food allergies are becoming more common all the time. Give a few statistics that illustrates this and a few proposed reasons as to why this is the case. JJames Updated 5/6/2017 4