Download 生態學Ecology

Ecology生態學
2003
LS4143
曾晴賢(2765)
URL: www.prenhall.com/stiling.hinet.net
課程說明(Course Description)
藉由講述傳統生態學的基本觀念，導引以
學習現代生命科學為主的學生，如何在自
己的學習領域內，運用生態學的經驗和邏
輯思惟，結合現代生物學的技術，讓未來
的研究有更大的突破，同時有更宏觀的了
解。
Textbook:
Ecology(Fourth Edition), by P. Stiling, 2002
 Published by Prentice Hall

成績評定:
學期成績
 ＝期中考*0.3＋期末考*0.5＋平常考*0.2

課程時間表及授課綱要
週別
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
主題
授課章節
Introduction
1
Genetics and ecology
2
Extinction
3
Group selection and individual selection
Life history strategies
5
Population growth, physical environment 6,7
Competition and coexistence, Mutualism 8,9
Predation, herbivory
10,11
Parasitism, controls on population size 12,13
期中考 1-13
放假
Community ecology
14,15
Species diversity and stability16,17
Succession and island biogeography 18,19
Trophic structure
20
Energy flow
21
Nutrients
22
期末考 14-22
4
Chapter 1: Why and How to Study Ecology
Chapter Outline
Road Map
1. Ecology is the study of that which limits the abundance of
plants and animals. We can study ecology at the level of
individual behavior, populations, communities, or
ecosystems.
2. Observing natural systems affords an insight into their
workings, but field and laboratory experiments provide the
most rigorous tests of ecological ideas.
3. Ecological measurement must be made at the spatial and
temporal scale appropriate to the question being asked.
Case study-1
Case study-2
Lecture outline
Outline
1. Basic definitions of terms and field of study
2. Understanding the difference between
observational studies, and field and
laboratory experiments
3. Spatial and temporal implications in
ecological interpretations
What Is Ecology?
a. Study of individuals, populations, communities, and
ecosystems
b. Study of interactions among and between organisms,
and their environment
c. Importance to human activities
Example: Aswan High Dam (Figure 1.1)
Located on the Nile River in Egypt (Figure 1.2)
a.Potential benefits
i.Several years of irrigation reserves
ii.Add 526,000 ha in arable land
iii.Produce 10 billion kilowatts of electrical power annually
iv.Protect country from catastrophic flood
b.Benefits to date
i.Saved rice and cotton crops from drought damage in 1972 and 1973
ii.Two to three crops annually, as opposed to one
iii.Increased productivity and annual income from agriculture by 200%
iv.380,000 ha of desert are being irrigated for the first time
c.Unexpected ecological problems
i.Increase in the incidence of schistosomiasis (47–80%)
ii.Decreased phytoplankton blooms and fish harvests in the Mediterranean
(e.g., Sardine annual catch decreased from 15,000 tons to 500)
iii.Increased need for fertilization ($100 million annually). Fertilizer production
uses most of the energy generated by the Dam.
iv.Farmers overwater their land, resulting in salt deposition (half of the irrigated
acreage is affected by salt)
d.Proper ecological studies could have predicted resulting ecological problems of
the dam
Ecologists—best-equipped scientists to study natural
ecosystems
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
Investigating environmental change on the local, regional, and
global scale
Reductionist analyses and experimentation
Adapted concepts from agriculture, physiology, biochemistry,
genetics, chemistry, and mathematics
Analytical and portable equipment
Challenges for ecologists
1. Acid deposition
2. Global climate change
3. Increasing use of fertilizer results in huge N inputs to
communities
4. Increasing use of pesticides
5. Species extinction
Ecology and Environmental Sciences
Four broad areas of ecology (Figure 1.3)
Behavioral Ecology
i. How behavior contributes to survivorship,
reproduction, and population growth
ii. Example: Forest tent caterpillars (Malacosoma;
Figure 1.4)
1.Reside in silken tents and defoliate trees
2.Vulnerable to predators
3.Group living would appear to be
counterproductive (i.e., assisting predators)
4.Benefits of group living
Multiple-layered large silken tents
Multiple and stronger silk trails to food sources
Pheromones to attract colony mates
Increased probability of propagating one’s own genes
Summary
a. Importance of ecology in addressing human
perturbations
b. Four broad areas of ecology: behavioral ecology,
population ecology, community ecology, and ecosystems
ecology
c. Understanding ecological processes through the use of
different ecological methods: laboratory, field and natural
experiments, and modeling
d. Investigations must be conducted at the right spatial
scale
Discussion Questions
a.What is the difference between ecology and
environmental science?
b.What are ecological methods? How do we apply them to
ecological questions?
c.In a local park, forest, or even in your backyard think
about five ecological questions you could ask and the
information you would need to answer them. Do your
questions relate to behavioral, population, community, or
ecosystems ecology or do they cross categories?
Fundamental knowledge of
Ecology
Biochemistry
 Molecular biology
 Genetics
 Evolution
 Physiology
 Developmental biology
 Cell biology

The scope of ecology
1.
2.
3.
Ecology and levels of biological
organization
Subdisciplines in ecology
Sciences allied to ecology
The conceptual framework for
ecological research
The scientific method
 Reductionism versus holism
 The limitations of experimental manipulation
 Making inferences in ecological research
 Statistical analyses and mathematical modeling
 Proximate and ultimate explanations

Ecology: 生態學
Oekologie(E. Haeckel, 1869)
Oikos(G): House 住所，棲息地
Logos(G): study 論述，學科
The branch of science dealing with the
relationships of living things to one another and
to their environment.
Ecology


Functional ecology:
How populations are maintained at a particular
size and touches on behavior competition,
predation.....。



Historical ecology:
How populations have come to be this way and
places great emphrasis on biogeography which
presupposes knowledge of continental draft
and of evolution.
ecologist生態學家
認知 = 偵探?
 創造 = 馬蓋先?


邏輯思惟者
生態學的歷史和展望
生態學的前史-博物學的時代
 分類學的知識-種的概念之確立
 .形態及生理的分析
 發育及習性的觀察
 食物連鎖、競爭、生物群集-群集生態學
(種群) Community Ecology

生態學的歷史和展望
1735 Reaumur 日平均氣溫總和（積溫）對任何
一物候期（發育生理期）都是一個常數。
1766 J. G. Koelreuter & 1775 C. K. Sprengel:
 花的構造和受粉媒介昆虫習性
1749 G. L. L. de Buffon 哺乳類及鳥類的習性和競
爭
1805 A. von Humboldt 植物分佈和氣候及地史的
關係：等溫線對植物分布的意義。
生態學的成立

1798. T. Malthus （ 人 口 論 ） :- Essay on
population populations capacity geometric
growth food supply increased arithmetically.

. Malthusian theory of population
. 巨大的生殖能力
e.g. Oyster
8x107 eggs/yr.
Birds 275x108 ind/10yrs.






. Limiting reproduction
自然界中不存在有巨大生殖能力的現象
Limiting reproduction

自然界中不存在有巨大生殖能力的現象
Struggle for existence
 . Variation between individuals.
 每一個體間均有差異
  Natural selection

Natural selection








1809 J. B. Lamarck- Philosophie zoologique
. Use and disuse, Inheritance of acquired traits.
. giraffes,
use longneck
. cave animaldisuseblind eyes.
. Reductive or vestigial structure
1838 P. F. Verhulst: 種群生態學Logistic 方程式
1840 Leibig: 植物最低因子定律
1844 Gasparin: 植物發育起點溫度的確立
Species origin（物種起源）
1859 C. Darwin:
 . The origin of species by means of
Natural selection or preservation of
favored races in the struggle for life.

生態學的歷史








C. Lyell- Principles of Geology
. Physical world changed gradually
A. R. Wallace(1822-1913)- Nature selection, Island Life,
Geographical Distribution of Animals.
. All organisms are descended with modification from
common ancestors.
. The mechanism for evolution was natural selection.
1895 E. Warming: 植物生態地理學（植物分布學）
1898 A. F. W. Schimper: 植物地理學（植物生理地理學）
1913 Journal of ecology (UK)
現代生態學的發展趨勢：
更加往宏觀的方向發展：個體生態學種群生態學
生態系統生物圈全球生態學（能量和物質的流
動無國界）
2.
廣泛應用系統理論（系統生態學）：建立系統的模
擬模型，模擬生態系統的行為和各種管理措施。應用
最優化原理來控制和管理生態系統。
3. 與社會科學（尤其是經濟學）的結合：生態經濟學。
4.
應用生態學：生態工程，生態技術，生態建設，生
態管理。
5. 量化生態學：植被的聚類分析、排序技術，種的多樣
性研究，信息生態學
1.