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Chapter 27.4 The Outer (Jovian) Planets The Outer Planets are all farther from the Sun than Earth is. Their names are: 1. 2. 3. 4. Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Characteristics of the Outer (Jovian) Planets: 1. The planets are gas giants. 2. The planets have rings. 3. The planets have many moons. Jupiter facts: 1. It is the 5th planet from the Sun. 2. It is the largest planet in the solar system (It is more massive than twice the mass of the other seven planets combined.). 3. It has a rotation on its axis, or day, of 9 Earth hours and 50 Earth minutes making it the planet with the shortest day in our solar system. 4. It has an orbital period, or year, of 12 Earth years. 5. It has at least 60 moons (4 major) and several thin rings. More Jupiter facts: 6. Its 92% composed of hydrogen and helium. 7. It gives off twice as much energy as it receives and is possibly a “failed star” that didn’t have enough mass for nuclear fusion to begin. 8. Its core is a sea of liquid helium with temperatures as high as 30,000C, intense pressures, and an enormous electrical field. 9. Its atmosphere is made up of swirling orange, blue, gray, and white bands of ammonia, methane, and water. Atmospheric temperatures are as low as 160C. Probes indicate wind speeds over 600 km/hr. In the atmosphere, fierce thunder and lightning storms rage (ex. the Great Red Spot is a storm that has been going since humans first viewed Jupiter through a telescope!). 10. It was visited by Galileo in 1995. Is Jupiter a Failed Star? Jupiter is similar to the Sun because it is composed mostly of gases and because it gives off more (twice as much) energy than it receives. Jupiter is possibly a “failed star” that didn’t have enough mass for nuclear fusion to begin. Saturn facts: 1. It is the 6th planet from the Sun. 2. It is the second largest planet in the solar system. 3. It has a rotation on its axis, or day, of 10 Earth hours and 40 Earth minutes. 4. It has an orbital period, or year, of 29.5 Earth years. 5. It has at least 47 moons. More Saturn facts: 6. It has the most complex ring system of any planet in our solar system. 7. It is the least dense planet in the solar system with a density less than water. 8. Like Jupiter, it probably has an inner rocky core, an outer liquid metallic hydrogen core, and a dense hydrogen/helium atmosphere. 9. Like Jupiter, it has colored (gold) cloud bands running parallel to its equator. 10.It has an average temperature of – 176C. Uranus facts: 1. It is the 7th planet from the Sun. 2. It is the third largest planet in the solar system. 3. It has a rotation on its axis, or day, of 17 Earth hours and 14 Earth minutes. 4. It has an orbital period, or year, of 84.1 Earth years. 5. Unlike the other planets, its rotational axis is parallel (rather than perpendicular) to its orbital plane. More Uranus facts: 6. It has at least 24 moons and at least 11 small rings. 7. It probably has an inner core of rock and metals, an outer liquid water and methane core, and a hydrogen/helium atmosphere. 8. Its greenish cloud tops are – 195C while it core may reach 7000C. 9. It was discovered in 1781 and was the first planet discovered since ancient times. 10.It was visited by Voyager 2 in 1986 Rolling like a ball? The axis of Uranus is unusual because, unlike the other planets, its rotational axis is parallel (rather than perpendicular) to its orbital plane. It rotates like a rolling ball. Neptune facts: 1. It is the 8th planet from the Sun. 2. It is similar to Uranus in size and mass. 3. It has a rotation on its axis, or day, of 16 Earth hours and 6 Earth minutes. 4. It has an orbital period, or year, of 164.8 Earth years. 5. It has 13 moons and possibly 6 rings. More Neptune facts: 6. It has a hydrogen/helium/methane atmosphere that is blue-green with bands and white methane clouds. 7. It has the highest recorded wind speeds in the solar system exceeding 1000 km/hr. Like Jupiter is has gigantic storms (ex. the Great Blue Spot is a storm the size of Earth!) 8. It has an average temperature of – 200C. 9. It was predicted to exist before it was discovered. 10.It was discovered in the 1800s. Pluto facts: 1. It is the 9th planet from the Sun. 2. It is the smallest planet in the solar system. 3. It has a rotation on its axis, or day, of 6.4 Earth days. 4. It has an orbital period, or year, of 248.6 Earth years. 5. Its orbital path is highly elliptical making its average distance from the Sun as much as 7.4 billion km and as little as 4.4 billion km. Although sometimes its orbit is inside Neptune’s, usually its orbit is outside of it (It may even have once been a moon of Neptune!). More Pluto facts: 6. It has 1 moon half its size called Charon. Pluto and Charon are sometimes considered a double planet system. 7. It’s made of frozen rock, ice, and methane with methane ice caps and a thin atmosphere. 8. It has an average temperature of between – 208 and -233C. 9. It was discovered by accident while looking for a “Planet X” believed to cause wobbles in the orbits of Uranus and Neptune (It is too small to be Planet X, which may still be out there.). 10. It was discovered in 1930. Ninth Planet? Pluto’s orbital path is highly elliptical making its average distance from the Sun as much as 7.4 billion km and as little as 4.4 billion km. Although sometimes its orbit is inside Neptune’s, usually its orbit is outside of it. As a result, it is considered the ninth planet. How do we remember the order of the nine planets? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto Try this mnemonic ! My very eager mother just served us nine pizzas. Coming Soon … Asteroids and Comets!