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HAPPY PRE-VALENTINES DAY!!! CHW3M Mesopotamia February 13th, 2015 SOME HISTORY ABOUT VALENTINES DAY http://www.history.com/news/6-surprising-factsabout-st-valentine http://www.history.com/topics/valentinesday/history-of-valentines-day ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA Ancient Mesopotamia lay in what we know today as ______, northeast Syria, and part of southeast _________. It stretched from the Persian Gulf ___________ through the valley of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers The ancient ________ were the first to call the region Mesopotamia Meso – means _________ Potamos – means _________ Thus: ‘the land between the rivers’ MESOPOTAMIA CONT’D Mesopotamia was part of an area known as the ‘Fertile _________’ Throughout its ancient history, it has been home to different _________ and cultural ________ It lay at the crossroads of three continents Africa Asia Europe At first glance, this region would not be ______ for the development of a thriving civilization MESOPOTAMIA CLIMATE The south was primarily a _______ plain Summers were very hot and dry; ________ could kill crops and cause _________ In spring, meltwaters from the nearby Zagros Mountains could cause _________ Sudden downpours in winter could turn the plains into _______ Floods were unpredictable and posed a serious hazard to the river valley ____________ MESOPOTAMIA RESOURCES The south was abundant in _______ Abundant ______ lived in the marshes and rivers As people learned to ________ the flooding, and drain the land, and irrigate the soil, the region produced excellent yields In the north _______ was more reliable and helped produce superb __________ Forests covering the foothills and mountains in this area teemed with _________ life (cattle, gazelles, antelopes, wild boars, sheep, and elephants) GOVERNMENT Sumer – _____ citizens elected an assembly to run the government (2 houses) Upper house – contained the ___________ citizens Lower house – contained __________ These elected members chose the _________, who were responsible for enforcing laws & selected military leaders When wars became more __________, threat of foreign invasion became a concern The assembly then created the additional role of the ________ KINGS IN SUMERIAN CITY-STATE Kings in __________ city-states were called lugals Most kings considered themselves to be living representatives of a particular _____ – sent by that god as a steward or servant The system of ___________ in Mesopotamia was a theocracy The lugal’s major responsibility was to provide for the ________ of the city-state The lugal and the other government officials supervised the ___________ and ___________ of irrigation works (essential for economic survival) SUMERIAN KINGS CONT’D The Sumerian _____ kept a tight rein on their people What the lugal said was ______ Earliest kings were ________ But when the people began to consider the lugals as gods, the _______ passed from father to son This development marked the ___________ of dynasties or hereditary monarchies in Mesopotamia ASSYRIANS In Assyria, _________ leaders had less political power than they had in Sumer Assyrian kings derived their authority from the god Ashur, and acted as his ______________ There was a clear __________ between government (state) and religion Temples, palaces, and monuments were built for the use of the _______, not for the honour of god Yet the Assyrian king was still _______ by religious customs ASSYRIAN KINGS Assyrian kings were among the most _________ leaders in all of Mesopotamia They acted as first ______ in the land, supervisor of all canal construction, and _________ of all farmers In times of war or conquest, they were present for all _________ campaigns The Assyrians faced _________ rebellion from their subject peoples One way they dealt with rebellion – _____________ (populations were forced from their lands and replaced by settlers from other parts of the empire) LAW AND JUSTICE One of the Mesopotamians’ most ____________ contributions to the advance of civilization was in the field of ______ (both the Sumerians and the Babylonians developed law codes) The _______ were an attempt to collect, organize, and record all _________ laws so that there would be one common ______ for all citizens of the empire The ruler of Ur, Ur-Nammu, developed an early code based on Sumerian _________ Laws were applied __________ to different classes of people Nobles found ________ of committing a crime were treated more _______ since better behaviour was expected of them Penalties were in the form of _____ or physical punishment LEGAL LEGACY Mesopotamia’s most important legal ______ is the law code established by Hammurabi, ______ of Babylonia Hammurabi’s code listed ______ different laws Organized under headings such as trade, ______, labour, real estate, and personal property The code distinguished between a _______ crime and a ______ crime and other legal principles Asserted that the ______ is the authority responsible for enforcing the law and social _______ should be guaranteed to all citizens Promoted idea that punishment should fit the ______ Basic principle “an eye for eye, and a tooth for a tooth” HAMMURABI EXAMPLE If a house in Babylonia collapsed and killed the owner, the builder of the house would be put to death http://schools.yrdsb.ca/markville.ss/projects/class of2008/chong2/lo/codeofthehammurabi.htm
