Download Chapter 8 Section 3 - Ms-Jernigans-SS

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Chapter 8
Section 3
The Fall of the Republic
I. Trouble in the Republic

Government officials were dishonest, stole money,
and the gap between patricians and plebeians grew

Thousands of farmers faced ruin because the
wealthy bought land to create latufundia
(la*tuh*fuhn*dee*uh), or large farming estates

Displaced farmers headed to
the cities which became
overcrowded and dangerous

Roman politicians worried about riots.

To win the votes of the poor, politicians created
cheap food and entertainment called “bread and
circuses.”
Why Did Reform Fail?

Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus were two wealthy
brothers who tried to reform government.

They asked the Senate to take back public land from
the rich and divide it among landless Romans.

Both brothers were killed by the Roman senators.
The Army Enters Politics

A military leader named Marius became consul in
107 B.C. and began recruiting soldiers from the
poor, landless farmers

Marius changed the Roman army from citizen
volunteers to paid professional soldiers.

Soldiers became motivated by
material rewards rather than a
sense of duty.

Marius’s new military system led to new power
struggles.

In 82 B.C., another general named Sulla drove
Marius out of Rome, declared himself dictator, and
spent three years reforming government before
resigning office.
II. Julius Caesar

After Sulla left office, many leaders battled for
power.

By 60 B.C., three men were considered the most
powerful
1) Crassus
2) Pompey
3) Julius Caesar

Crassus, Pompey, and Caesar formed the First
Triumvirate (try*uhm*vuh*ruht) to rule Rome.

A triumvirate is a political alliance of three people.
*Crassus was killed in battle in 53 B.C.
*Senate was fearful of Caesar’s popularity w/poor

The Senate wanted Caesar to give up his army and
for Pompey to rule Rome alone.

Caesar decided to fight and marched into Rome,
destroying Pompey’s army in 48 B.C.
B
Caesar’s Rise to Power

In 44 B.C., Caesar declared himself dictator of Rome for
life and filled the Senate w/those loyal to him

Caesar became popular with Rome’s poor because:
a)
Granted citizenship to people living in Rome’s territories
outside of Italy
Started new colonies to provide land for the landless
Created work for the jobless
Ordered landowners using slave labor to hire more free
workers
b)
c)
d)

Caesar created the Julian calendar with 12 months, 365
days, and a leap year.

The Julian calendar was modified in A.D. 1582 to become the
Gregorian calendar.

The Gregorian calendar, based on the birth of Christ, has
been used in the United States since its beginning and it
used by most countries in the world today.

Caesar had many enemies who feared he wanted to
become king.

Caesar ignored a famous warning to “beware the
Ides of March” (March 15).

Caesar’s enemies, led by senators Cassius and
Brutus, killed Caesar on March 15, 44 B.C.
III. Rome Becomes an Empire (pgs. 282-283)

Caesar’s death caused a civil war between the people that
killed him and his supporters.

Octavian was Caesar’s grandnephew and inherited Caesar’s
wealth.

Antony and Lepidus were two of Caesar’s top generals.

Octavian, Antony, and Lepidus formed the Second
Triumvirate.

The members of the Second Triumvirate began to
quarrel immediately.

Octavian forced Lepidus to retire from politics

Octavian took control of western Rome and Antony
took control of eastern Rome.

Antony fell in love with the Egyptian queen
Cleopatra VIII and formed an alliance with her.

Octavian declared war on Antony to keep him from
taking over the republic.

Octavian defeated Antony and Cleopatra’s forces at
the Battle of Actium (ak*shee*uhm) in 31 B.C.

The couple fled to Egypt and killed themselves a
year later as Octavian closed in on them.
Who Was Augustus?

Now in charge, Octavian knew many people favored
a republican form of government, which he restored
in 27 B.C.

Although he gave some power to the Senate, he
really put himself in charge with his title imperator
which translates to “commander in chief.”

Octavian also took the title Augustus, meaning
“revered or majestic one.”

This began the Roman Empire.
3-2-1
Tell me 3 new things you learned
Tell me 2 connections you made
Tell me one question you still have