Download Maxillary anatomical land-marks

Maxillary anatomical land-marks
1- Alveolar ridge :
It is the remaining portion of the alveolar
process and its soft tissue covering after extraction the
teeth. It is covered with a dense fibrous connective
tissue, and considered as a primary stress bearing area
in the upper jaw.
2- Maxillary tuberosity :
It is the distal end of alveolar process.
It is a good supporting and bearing surface for the
denture. Extremely large tuberosities may need
surgical correction before complete denture
construction.
3- Hamular (pterygo-maxillary) notch :
It is a depression distal to the
maxillary tuberosity used as a land mark for correct
extension of the upper denture. The posterior seal area
should extend through the hamular notch.
4- Palatine vault :
Have different forms according to the
Pattern of development of the maxillary process. It could
be –V- shape, shallow and flat and more commonly –Ushape.
The flat area of the palate is a primary stress bearing
area.
The lateral slope of the palate a secondary stress
bearing area.
5- Median palatine raphe (suture) :
It is the suture that joins the two
palatine processes at the midline. It is covered with a
thin dense mucoperiosteum with little or no mucosa. It
is generally relived to avoid instability and rocking of
the denture.
6- Incisive papilla :
It is a pad of fibrous connective tissue
overlying the naso-palatine canal, located between the
central incisors palatally or on the crest of the ridge. It
may require relief to avoid the pressure on the incisive
nerve. The central incisors should be placed anterior to
the incisive papilla.
7- Fovea palatine:
Small two pits at the midline just
posterior to the junction of the hard and soft palate.
They are opening of minor salivary glands. The upper
denture should be few millimeters posterior to it.
8- Vibrating line of the soft palate:
The junction of the movable and
immovable parts of the soft palate which determine the
extension of the posterior palatal border of the upper
denture. It can be located clinically by asking the
patient to say ahh sound.
9-Torus palatinus:
A raised bony ridge at the center of
the hard palate. If its size is too big it should be
surgically removed, if small it must be relieved.
10- Rugea:
Irregularly shaped ridges of connective
tissues covered by mucous membrane in anterior third
of the palate. It plays a role in speech and anterior
displacement of the denture.
11-Labial frenum:
Single or multiple. It is a fold of
mucous membrane extending from mucous lining of
the lips toward the crest of the alveolar ridge. A labial
notch must be provided in the midline of the denture
border opposite to its position.
12- Labial vestibule:
It extends on both sides from the
labial frenum to the buccal frenum. The reflection of
mucous membrane superiorly determines the high of
the denture flange.
13-Buccal frenum:
Single or multiple. It is a fold of
mucous membrane extending from buccal mucous
membrane reflection area to the crest of the residual
ridge.
14-Buccal vestibule:
Extends distal to the buccal
frenum, bounded laterally by cheek and medially by
the residual ridge.
Mandibular anatomical land-marks
1- Alveolar ridge :
As in maxilla, it is the remaining
portion of the alveolar process and its soft tissue
covering after extraction the teeth.
2- Retromolar pad:
It is a pear shaped area .
It is the remaining portion of the alveolar process and
its soft tissue covering after extraction the teeth,
on each side of the distal end of the residual
mandibular ridge. It contains lose areolar C.T,
fibers from the buccinator, superior constrictor,
temporalis muscles. It should be covered by the
denture to avoid backward displacement of the
denture. The occlusal plane of the mandibular
denture must not be higher than half its vertical
height.
3- External oblique ridge:
It is a ridge of dense bone
extending from just above the mental foramen
superiorly and distally, and becomes continuous with
the anterior border of the ramus.
4- Buccal shelf area:
It is bounded externally by the
external oblique ridge and internally by the slope of
the residual ridge. The bone in this area is very dense,
forces of occlusion can be directed more nearly at
right angle to buccal shelf area than any other area
therefore it is considered as a primary stress bearing
area and should be covered by the lower denture to
provide support.
5- Mental foramen:
Located in the premolar region. In case
of severe bone resorption it is located at the crest of
alveolar ridge; in this case it should be relived to avoid
pain and numbness of the lower lip as a result of
pressure on the mental nerve.
6- Torus mandibularis:
A raised bony projection some times
on the inner surface of the mandible in the premolar
region. If its size is too big it should be surgically
removed, if small it must be relieved.
7- Genial tubercles:
Two small projections on the inner
surface of the mandible, one on each side of the
symphysis.
8- Internal oblique ridge (mylohyoid ridge):
It gives attachment to the
mylohyoid muscle that form the floor of the mouth. If
it is sharp and prominent, it should be reduced
surgically or otherwise relieved.
9- Labial frenum:
It is a fold of mucous membrane
extending from mucous lining of the lips toward the
alveolar ridge. A labial notch must be provided in the
midline of the denture border opposite to its position,
to allow free movement of the frenum.
10- Labial vestibule:
It extends on both sides from the
labial frenum to the buccal frenum, limited inferiorly
by the reflection of mucous membrane, internally by
the residual ridge and externally by the lip.
11- Buccal frenum:
Single or multiple. It is a fold of
mucous membrane extending from buccal mucous
membrane reflection area to the crest of the residual
ridge. A notch must be provided in the denture border
opposite to its position, to allow free movement of the
frenum.
12- Buccal vestibule:
Extends distal to the buccal frenum , bounded laterally
by cheek and medially by the residual ridge.
13- Lingual pouch:
Bounded posteriorly by palatoglussus muscle,
anteriorly by Mylohyoid muscle, medially by lateral
aspect of tongue and laterally by medial aspect of
mandible.
14- Lingual frenum:
It is a fold of mucous membrane extending from
the floor of the mouth to the under surface of the
tongue in the midline. A notch must be made in the
lingual flange for the lingual frenum.