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Maxillary anatomical land-marks 1- Alveolar ridge : It is the remaining portion of the alveolar process and its soft tissue covering after extraction the teeth. It is covered with a dense fibrous connective tissue, and considered as a primary stress bearing area in the upper jaw. 2- Maxillary tuberosity : It is the distal end of alveolar process. It is a good supporting and bearing surface for the denture. Extremely large tuberosities may need surgical correction before complete denture construction. 3- Hamular (pterygo-maxillary) notch : It is a depression distal to the maxillary tuberosity used as a land mark for correct extension of the upper denture. The posterior seal area should extend through the hamular notch. 4- Palatine vault : Have different forms according to the Pattern of development of the maxillary process. It could be –V- shape, shallow and flat and more commonly –Ushape. The flat area of the palate is a primary stress bearing area. The lateral slope of the palate a secondary stress bearing area. 5- Median palatine raphe (suture) : It is the suture that joins the two palatine processes at the midline. It is covered with a thin dense mucoperiosteum with little or no mucosa. It is generally relived to avoid instability and rocking of the denture. 6- Incisive papilla : It is a pad of fibrous connective tissue overlying the naso-palatine canal, located between the central incisors palatally or on the crest of the ridge. It may require relief to avoid the pressure on the incisive nerve. The central incisors should be placed anterior to the incisive papilla. 7- Fovea palatine: Small two pits at the midline just posterior to the junction of the hard and soft palate. They are opening of minor salivary glands. The upper denture should be few millimeters posterior to it. 8- Vibrating line of the soft palate: The junction of the movable and immovable parts of the soft palate which determine the extension of the posterior palatal border of the upper denture. It can be located clinically by asking the patient to say ahh sound. 9-Torus palatinus: A raised bony ridge at the center of the hard palate. If its size is too big it should be surgically removed, if small it must be relieved. 10- Rugea: Irregularly shaped ridges of connective tissues covered by mucous membrane in anterior third of the palate. It plays a role in speech and anterior displacement of the denture. 11-Labial frenum: Single or multiple. It is a fold of mucous membrane extending from mucous lining of the lips toward the crest of the alveolar ridge. A labial notch must be provided in the midline of the denture border opposite to its position. 12- Labial vestibule: It extends on both sides from the labial frenum to the buccal frenum. The reflection of mucous membrane superiorly determines the high of the denture flange. 13-Buccal frenum: Single or multiple. It is a fold of mucous membrane extending from buccal mucous membrane reflection area to the crest of the residual ridge. 14-Buccal vestibule: Extends distal to the buccal frenum, bounded laterally by cheek and medially by the residual ridge. Mandibular anatomical land-marks 1- Alveolar ridge : As in maxilla, it is the remaining portion of the alveolar process and its soft tissue covering after extraction the teeth. 2- Retromolar pad: It is a pear shaped area . It is the remaining portion of the alveolar process and its soft tissue covering after extraction the teeth, on each side of the distal end of the residual mandibular ridge. It contains lose areolar C.T, fibers from the buccinator, superior constrictor, temporalis muscles. It should be covered by the denture to avoid backward displacement of the denture. The occlusal plane of the mandibular denture must not be higher than half its vertical height. 3- External oblique ridge: It is a ridge of dense bone extending from just above the mental foramen superiorly and distally, and becomes continuous with the anterior border of the ramus. 4- Buccal shelf area: It is bounded externally by the external oblique ridge and internally by the slope of the residual ridge. The bone in this area is very dense, forces of occlusion can be directed more nearly at right angle to buccal shelf area than any other area therefore it is considered as a primary stress bearing area and should be covered by the lower denture to provide support. 5- Mental foramen: Located in the premolar region. In case of severe bone resorption it is located at the crest of alveolar ridge; in this case it should be relived to avoid pain and numbness of the lower lip as a result of pressure on the mental nerve. 6- Torus mandibularis: A raised bony projection some times on the inner surface of the mandible in the premolar region. If its size is too big it should be surgically removed, if small it must be relieved. 7- Genial tubercles: Two small projections on the inner surface of the mandible, one on each side of the symphysis. 8- Internal oblique ridge (mylohyoid ridge): It gives attachment to the mylohyoid muscle that form the floor of the mouth. If it is sharp and prominent, it should be reduced surgically or otherwise relieved. 9- Labial frenum: It is a fold of mucous membrane extending from mucous lining of the lips toward the alveolar ridge. A labial notch must be provided in the midline of the denture border opposite to its position, to allow free movement of the frenum. 10- Labial vestibule: It extends on both sides from the labial frenum to the buccal frenum, limited inferiorly by the reflection of mucous membrane, internally by the residual ridge and externally by the lip. 11- Buccal frenum: Single or multiple. It is a fold of mucous membrane extending from buccal mucous membrane reflection area to the crest of the residual ridge. A notch must be provided in the denture border opposite to its position, to allow free movement of the frenum. 12- Buccal vestibule: Extends distal to the buccal frenum , bounded laterally by cheek and medially by the residual ridge. 13- Lingual pouch: Bounded posteriorly by palatoglussus muscle, anteriorly by Mylohyoid muscle, medially by lateral aspect of tongue and laterally by medial aspect of mandible. 14- Lingual frenum: It is a fold of mucous membrane extending from the floor of the mouth to the under surface of the tongue in the midline. A notch must be made in the lingual flange for the lingual frenum.