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Transcript
Chapter 7 Drug Evidence Drugs and Crime A drug is a natural or synthetic substance designed to affect the subject psychologically or physiologically. “Controlled substances” are drugs that are restricted by law Controlled Substances Act is a law that was enacted in 1970; it lists illegal drugs, their category and their penalty for possession, sale or use. Chapter 7 1 Controlled Substances Act Chapter 7 Schedule I—high potential for abuse; no currently acceptable medical use in the US; a lack of accepted safety for use under medical supervision Schedule II—high potential for abuse; a currently accepted medical use with severe restrictions; abuse may lead to severe psychological or physical dependence Schedule III—lower potential for abuse than the drugs in I or II; a currently accepted medical use in the US; abuse may lead to moderate physical dependence or high psychological dependence Schedule IV—low potential for abuse relative to drugs in III; a currently accepted medical use in the US; abuse may lead to limited physical or psychological dependence relative to drugs in III Schedule V—low potential for abuse relative to drugs in IV; currently accepted medical use in the US; abuse may lead to limited physical or psychological dependence relative to drugs in IV 2 Examples of Controlled Substances and Their Schedule Placement Schedule I—heroin (diacetylmorphine), LSD, marijuana, ecstasy (MDMA) Schedule II—cocaine, morphine, amphetamines (including methamphetamines), PCP, Ritalin Schedule III—intermediate acting barbiturates, anabolic steroids, ketamine Schedule IV—other stimulants and depressants including Valium, Xanan, Librium, phenobarbital, Darvon Schedule V—codeine found in low doses in cough medicines Chapter 7 3 Identification of Drugs PDR—Physicians’ Desk Reference Field Tests—presumptive tests Laboratory Tests—conclusive tests Chapter 7 4 Human Components Used for Drug Analysis Blood* Liver tissue Urine* Brain tissue Hair* Kidney tissue Gastric Contents Spleen tissue Bile Vitreous Humor of the Eye *Living subjects Chapter 7 5 Physicians’ Desk Reference PDR—a physicians’ desk reference is used to identify manufactured pills, tablets and capsules. It is updated each year. This can sometimes be a quick and easy identifier of the legally made drugs that may be found at a scene. The reference book gives a picture of the drug, whether it is a prescription, over the counter, or a controlled substance; as well as more detailed information about the drug. Chapter 7 6 Drug Identification Presumptive tests Spot or color tests Microcrystalline test— a reagent is added that produces a crystalline precipitate which is unique for a certain drug. Chromatography Chapter 7 Confirmatory tests Spectrophotometry Ultraviolet (UV) Visible Infrared (IR) Mass spectrometry 7 Presumptive Color Tests Marquis—turns purple in the presence of most opium derivatives and orange-brown with amphetamines Dillie-Koppanyi—turns violetblue in the presence of barbiturates Duquenois-Levine—turns a purple color in the presence of marijuana Van Urk—turns a blue-purple in the presence of LSD Scott test—color test for cocaine, blue Chapter 7 8 Spot Testing: OTC Drug ID Indicators – chemicals that react with substances in a specific way, based on the properties of the substances, giving a characteristic color change result Chapter 7 Solubility in water Universal indicator Hydrochloric acid Ferric nitrate 9 Solubility in Water Some substances are water soluble and will dissolve into water Alka-seltzer, sodium bicarbonate Chapter 7 Other substances are not water soluble and will clump when mixed with water Acetaminophen, Aspirin, Excedrin 10 Universal Indicator Universal indicator will tell you the pH of a solution, by the color it turns red orange yellow green blue violet Aspirin & Excedrin are acidic Tylenol is neutral Alka-seltzer & sodium bicarb are basic Chapter 7 11 Hydrochloric Acid Some substances will react with HCl to generate a gas, producing bubbles Alka-seltzer and sodium bicarb will bubble Acetaminophen, Aspirin, and Excedrin won’t Chapter 7 12 Ferric Nitrate Ferric nitrate has an orange color, but it will react with Aspirin to turn purple Drugs that contain Aspirin: Excedrin & Alka-seltzer No Aspirin in Tylenol or sodium bicarbonate Chapter 7 13