Download Sectionalism, Slavery and the Civil War

Sectionalism, Slavery and
the Civil War (1861-1865)
• What is the difference between
nationalism and sectionalism?
• Nationalism – a feeling of pride, loyalty, and
protectiveness toward your country. Loyalty to
one’s nation as a whole.
• Sectionalism – the loyalty to the interest of
your own region or section of the country,
rather than to the nation as a whole.
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE NORTH
Political
– It supported high tariffs to protect
manufacturing.
– It supported federally funded internal
improvements like canals, roads, and
railroads so they could have transportation
to their markets.
– In the 1840’s and 1850’s they began to
oppose slavery.
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE NORTH
Economic
– Agriculture was diversified (wheat, corn, dairy).
It was more scientific and Northerners
developed more farm machines that the South
did.
– Fishing and whaling were still important to the
Northeast.
– Manufacturing
• It replaced shipping as the main business of
the Northeast.
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE NORTH
Economy (Transportation of goods)
• The transportation system was designed
to get goods to the ocean.
• The main transportation in the South
was rivers, streams, and intercoastal
routes.
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE NORTH
Social
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Immigration served as one of the major
social issues in the North.
This immigration tended to create low
wages and encouraged child labor.
Women’s Suffrage and Abolition of slavery
were other social reforms the North was
focused on.
Abolitionists believed that slavery was
morally wrong.
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SOUTH
Political
– Protecting slavery was of the utmost
importance to Southerners.
– Fighting tariffs was paramount to
Southerners since tariffs increased the price
of goods imported from Europe.
– Southerners were against internal
improvements because it cost money and it
did not meet their transportation needs.
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SOUTH
Economic
Home of the “cotton kingdom”—Cotton
replaced linen and wool as the major fiber for
cloth.
Tobacco still was the major crop in the Upper
South.
Rice and sugar were still important crops in
South Carolina and Louisiana.
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SOUTH
Economy (Transportation of goods)
• The transportation system was designed
to get goods to the ocean.
• The main transportation in the South
was rivers, streams, and intercoastal
routes.
• Slavery was an important part of the Southern economy.
The feeling was that slavery must follow expansion.
• The South was agriculturally self-sufficient.
• It provided its own corn, wheat, and livestock.
• There was little manufacturing in the South.
• The economy was still tied to Great Britain.
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SOUTH
Social
- Slavery served as one of the largest social
issues of the
• Middle class farmers and lower class
farmers supported slavery even
though few had twenty slaves or
more.
– They hoped to have slaves themselves.
– They were afraid of slave rebellion and
competition from free blacks.
Pre Civil War Compromises
3/5th Compromise
“Missouri” Compromise of 1820
Compromise of 1850
Missouri Compromise (1820)
-
In 1819, the Union consisted of
11 free and 11 slave states.
- Admitting any new state would
upset the balance in the Senate.
- Missouri wanted to enter union
as a slave state
- Maine wanted to enter as a free
state (24th state)
• * Missouri Compromise was
crafted by John C. Calhoun and
Henry Clay.
• DECISION:
Region south of 36º 30’ Latitude
would be open to slavery
Missouri Compromise
Southern Point of View
Northern Point of View
Missouri crisis
Realized that the issue of
reawakened old fears
slavery was becoming
that the North’s point of
more and more of a
view represented a
conflict.
critical threat to slavery
Nullification Crisis
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Rift between the North and the
South grew worse in the 1820’s and
early 1830’s.
Another main source of conflict was
the tariff.
A tariff is a tax on imported goods.
South Carolina’s economy suffered
during this period as its residents
paid higher prices for tools, utensils
and other manufactured goods due
to the tariff.
When Congress levied a new tariff in
1828, angry southerners called it the
Tariff of Abominations and many
South Carolinians threatened to
secede, or withdraw from the union.
The Nullification Crisis
• John C. Calhoun, the Vice
President, who was from
South Carolina argued
that because the states
had created the federal
union, they had the right
to declare a federal law
null, or not valid.
• This was known as
nullification.
• Published The South
Carolina Exposition and
Protest
Nullification Crisis
• The crisis grew worse in
1932 when Congress
passed another tariff law.
• More South Carolinians
called for secession.
• President Jackson sent a
warship to Charleston,
S.C.
• Senator Henry Clay
diffused the crisis by a
compromise bill which
lower the tariff for ten
years.
The Abolitionist Movement
• The abolitionist
movement, calling for
the abolition, or the
immediate end of
slavery, increased
tension between the
North and South in the
1830s, 1840s, 1850s.
• William Lloyd Garrison
was a major
abolitionists
African-American Abolitionists
• Free African-Americans
played a major role in the
abolitionist movement.
• Frederick Douglass: an
escaped slave from
Maryland. Wrote his
autobiography called
Narrative of the Life of
Frederick Douglass
• Later became a Minister
to Haiti
African American Abolitionists
• Another important
African American
abolitionists was
Sojourner Truth.
• Gained her freedom in
1827.
The Underground Railroad
• The Underground
Railroad was an
informal, well-organized
network of abolitionists
who helped thousands
of enslaved persons
escape to the North.
The Underground Railroad
• The most famous
conductor was Harriet
Tubman, a runaway
slave.
The Underground Railroad
• Another prominent
abolitionist was the author
Harriet Beecher Stowe.
• In 1851, Stowe began
writing a newspaper serial
and later book called Uncle
Tom’s Cabin.
• Her novel sold millions of
copies:
– aroused antislavery
sentiment in the North
against slavery
– angered many Southerners
War With Mexico and Impact
• September, 1836:
– Republic of Texas created
• February, 1845:
– Texas Annexed
• December 1845
– Texas enters the USA as a slave
state
• 1846-1848:
– US and Mexico War
• February, 1848:
– Mexico signs the Treaty of
Guadalupe Hidalgo, surrendering
territory that would soon become
California, Arizona, New Mexico,
Nevada, Utah and parts of
Colorado
United States Map 1850
Compromise of 1850
There were several points at issue:
• The United States had recently acquired a vast territory -- the result
of its war with Mexico. Should the territory allow slavery, or
should it be declared free? Or maybe the people be allowed to
choose for themselves (popular sovereignty)?
• California -- a territory that had grown tremendously with the gold
rush of 1849, had recently asked Congress to enter the Union as a
free state. Should this be allowed?
• Ever since the Missouri Compromise, the balance between slave
states and free states had been maintained; any proposal that
threatened this balance would almost certainly not win approval.
Compromise of 1850
Henry Clay comes back to the Senate from retirement and with
Daniel Webster crafts the compromise.
Compromise:
1. California admitted to the Union as a free state.
2. “Popular Sovereignty” in Utah and New Mexico are
incorporated without restrictions. (the citizens would
decide if they wanted to be a slave or a non slave state)
3. Domestic slave trade, but not slavery, prohibited in
Washington D. C.
4. Strong Fugitive Slave Law adopted; runaway slaves to be
seized and returned to their owners regardless of where
they are found.
Compromise of 1850
Southern Point of View
• Approved of the
compromise
• Warned that a
breakdown of the
agreement would result
in secession
• Supported the Fugitive
Slave Law portion of
compromise
Northern Point of View
• Approved of the
compromise
• Maintained their goal to
preserve the Union
• Did not support the
Fugitive Slave Law
portion of compromise
Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)
• In 1854, Congress passed
the Kansas-Nebraska Act to
organize new territory
called “Nebraska.”
• The act allowed the
territory of Kansas to decide
for itself whether it would
be free or slave, known as
popular sovereignty.
• Thousands of pro- and antislavery supporters flooded
the state. Violent clashes
soon occurred— “Bleeding
Kansas”
The Caning of Charles Sumner (May,
1856)
• Congressman Preston
Brooks of South
Carolina attacked
Senator Charles
Sumner of
Massachusetts with a
cane when Sumner
spoke out against
Southerners responsible
for violence in Kansas.
The Dred Scott Decision (1857)
• Dred Scott was a Missouri slave
who had been taken north in free
territory for several years.
• When his slaveholder returned to
the south, he sued for his
freedom.
• In Dred Scott v. Sandford, the
Supreme Court ruled:
– African-Americans were not
citizens
– Had no right to sue
– Congress’s ban on slavery was
unconsitutional.
• Congress could not limit the
spread of slavery.
John Brown’s Raid (1859)
• A radical abolitionist.
• Planned to lead an insurrection
against slaveholders across the
South.
• He and 18 followers attacked a
federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry,
Virginia on October 16, 1859.
• He was captured and executed
for treason on December 2, 1859.
• Regarded as a hero in the North;
Southerners saw his attack as
proof that Northerners wanted to
kill them and end slavery.
The Election of 1860
and Southern Secession
• Brown’s raid marked a turning
point in the South. The
Democratic Party split into
Northern and Southern factions.
• A new party made up of antislavery groups in the North had
organized the Republican Party in
1854.
• The Republican Party wanted to
keep slavery out of the west.
• The Republican nominated
Abraham Lincoln as their
candidate for president for the
election of 1860.
• Lincoln won the election;
Southern states began to secede
shortly after.