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CfE Higher Biology
Unit 3 - Homework
Sustainability and Interdependence
Name: ____________________________________________
Teacher: __________________________________________
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CfE Higher Biology
Unit: Sustainability and Interdependence
Homework Booklet
HW
No
DUE
TOPIC
MARK
%
COMMENT
1
16
2
23
3/4
10
5/6
15
7/8
21
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Key Area 1: Food supply, plant growth and productivity
Section 1
1. The following statements refer to photosynthesis.
1 Water is split into oxygen and hydrogen.
2 Sugar molecules are combined to form starch.
3 G3P is used to regenerate RuBP.
Which of the statements correctly refer to photolysis?
A 1 only
B 1 and 3 only
C 2 and 3 only
D 1, 2 and 3
2.
The following absorption spectra were obtained from four different plant
extracts. Black areas indicate light which has been absorbed by the extracts.
Which extract contains chlorophyll?
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3. The graph below shows changes in the mass of chlorophyll and rate of
photosynthesis in leaves during a 10 day period in autumn.
Chlorophyll content of leaves can limit the rate of photosynthesis.
During which period do the results not support this statement?
A 9–10 days
B 8–9 days
C 4–8 days
D 0–4 days
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4. The graph below shows the rate of photosynthesis at two different levels of
carbon dioxide concentration at 20 °C.
From the evidence given, identify the factors most likely to be limiting the rate
of photosynthesis at points X and Y on the graph.
Point X
Point Y
A
Light intensity
Temperature
B
Temperature
Light intensity
C
Light intensity
CO2 concentration
D
CO2 concentration
Temperature
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5. The graph below shows how world population and fertiliser usage changed
between 1920 and 2000.
Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from these results?
A World fertiliser usage was 120 million tonnes in 1980.
B World population increased steadily between 1960 and 2000.
C World fertiliser usage was 105 million tonnes in 1960.
D World population increased more rapidly than fertilisation usage from 1940 to
1960.
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Section 2
1. Human food production can be increased by the use of fertiliser which improves crop
growth.
A field trial was carried out to show how the mass of fertiliser applied per hectare
affected the growth of a wheat crop and to determine the level of fertiliser which
should be recommended for use with this crop.
After the harvest of the wheat at each fertiliser level the following measurements of
plant growth were made:
• Total dry mass of grain produced per hectare
• Dry mass of a sample of 1000 grains
The results are shown in the graph below.
(a) (i) Use values from the graph to describe the changes in the total dry mass
of grain produced as the fertiliser application increased from 0 kg to 120 kg per
hectare.
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
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2
(ii) Calculate the average increase in total dry mass of grain produced for each
additional kg of fertiliser applied from 20 kg to 80 kg per hectare.
Space for calculation
___________________ tonnes per hectare
1
(b) (i) Calculate the simplest whole number ratio of the dry mass of 1000 grains
produced at 0 kg fertiliser per hectare to that at 120 kg fertiliser per hectare.
Space for calculation
________________ : ________________
At 0 kg per hectare : At 120 kg per hectare
1
(ii) Calculate the percentage increase in the dry mass of 1000 grains when
the fertiliser level was increased from 0 kg to 80 kg per hectare.
Space for calculation
___________________ %
1
(c) At which of the following fertiliser levels is the average dry mass of an
individual wheat grain the lowest?
Tick () the correct box.
60 kg per
hectare
80 kg per
hectare
100 kg per
hectare
120 kg per
hectare
1
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(d) The table below shows information about fertiliser level and yields of the
wheat crop.
Complete the table by:
(i) inserting the missing term to complete the column heading;
(ii) inserting the missing fertiliser level using information from the graph;
(iii) calculating and inserting the missing harvest index.
Fertiliser level
Biological yield
(kg per hectare)
(total plant biomass)
Harvest Index
…………………………………..
yield
(tonnes per hectare)
(total dry mass of grain)
(tonnes per hectare)
50
4.0
3.0
4.5
3.6
0.8
3
(e) As a result of the field trial, the recommended level of fertiliser was 60 kg per
hectare.
Suggest two reasons why this level was recommended.
1. ______________________________________________________________________
2. ______________________________________________________________________
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2
Key Area 2: Plant and animal breeding
Section 1
1. Which line in the table below correctly describes the type of variation and
inheritance pattern normally involved in growth rate in pigs?
Type of variation
Inheritance pattern
A
discrete
polygenic
B
discrete
single gene
C
continuous
single gene
D
continuous
polygenic
2. White eye colour in Drosophila is caused by a recessive allele. The dominant allele
is for red eyes. What result would be predicted from a cross between a heterozygous
red-eyed female and a white-eyed male?
A All white-eyed flies
B All red-eyed flies
C Equal numbers of white-eyed and red-eyed flies.
D Three times as many red-eyed flies as white-eyed flies
3. Natural selection reduces in-breeding depression in self-pollinating plant species
by eliminating
A mutated alleles
B recessive alleles
C dominant alleles
D deleterious alleles
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4. Cystic fibrosis is an inherited condition caused by a recessive allele. The diagram
below shows a family tree with affected individuals.
Which individuals in this family tree must be heterozygous for this condition?
A 3 and 5
B 4 and 6
C 1 and 2
D 2 and 6
5. Huntington’s Disease is an inherited condition in humans caused by a dominant
allele. A woman’s father is heterozygous for the condition. Her mother is not affected
by the condition. What is the chance of the woman being affected by the condition?
A 1 in 1
B 1 in 2
C 1 in 3
D 1 in 4
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Section 2
1. Red Fife and Coteau are cultivars of wheat. Their grain is grown for bread-making.
A field trial was carried out to compare their economic and biological yields. Equal
numbers of plants of each cultivar were grown in 16 field plots for six months as
shown in the diagram below.
The graph below shows the average economic yield of grain and the average yield of
the remaining plant biomass from samples of each cultivar.
`
(a) In designing a field trial, account should be taken of the factors below:
A selection of treatments
B number of replicates
C randomisation of treatments
- Complete the table below using letters from the list to match the reasons fo taking
the factors into account.
Factor to be taken into account
Reason
To ensure any observer bias does not influence the results
To ensure results are reliable & account for any variability
in results
To allow valid comparisons between samples
2
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(b) Give one precaution, not already mentioned, which would have to be taken so
that the comparison of the yields from each cultivar was valid and explain the reason
for it.
Precaution ________________________________________________________________
Reason ___________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
(c)
2
(i) Coteau has a harvest index of 0·6.
Calculate the harvest index of Red Fife.
Space for calculation
_____________________
1
(ii) Name the cultivar which would have the least value in food production
and justify your choice.
Name ________________________________________________________________
Justification_______________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________1
(d) The area available to grow crops is limited, hence the need for increased fertiliser
use. Name two other factors which increased food production will depend on.
1.
__________________________________________________________________________
2.
2
__________________________________________________________________________
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2. Give an account of the capture of light energy and its conversion into chemical
energy in the light dependent stage of photosynthesis. (10)
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Key Area 3: Crop protection & Key Area 4: Animal Welfare
Section 1
1. Crop pests may be controlled by various methods.
Which control methods are used in integrated pest management?
A
B
C
D
selective chemicals only
biological only
systemic and selective chemicals
chemical and biological
2. Which of the following are adaptations of perennial weeds?
A vegetative reproduction and short life cycle
B storage organs and vegetative reproduction
C short life cycle and storage organs
D high seed output and short life cycle
3. Dandelions are weeds which often grow in grass lawns.
Which of the following could be sprayed onto a lawn to remove the dandelions?
A selective fungicide
B non-selective herbicide
C selective herbicide
D non-selective fungicide
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4. A cabbage crop was sprayed with pesticide to treat an infestation of caterpillars.
The concentration of pesticide was measured in the tissues of the caterpillars and of
birds which ate them.
Which line in the table below shows the animal with the highest pesticide
concentration in its tissues and identifies the reason for this?
Animal with highest
Reason
pesticide concentration
A
birds
accumulation has occurred
B
caterpillars
pesticide is systemic
C
caterpillars
accumulation has occurred
D
birds
pesticide is systemic
5. The list below describes observed behaviour of pigs on a farm.
1 Repeated wounding of other pigs by biting
2 Lying in a position which does not allow young to suckle
3 Stereotypic flicking of the head
Which of these behaviours indicate poor animal welfare?
A 1 and 2 only
B 1 and 3 only
C 2 and 3 only
D 1, 2 and 3
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Section 2
1. In an investigation, the behaviour of a group of pigs in an enclosure was
observed. Each pig’s behaviour was observed initially and then every ten
seconds for twenty minutes. The behaviours observed were allocated to
different categories and the results shown in the pie chart below.
(a) Calculate how long the pigs spent feeding.
Space for calculation
__________________minutes
1
(b) Express as the simplest whole number ratio the proportion of time spent walking,
lying down and feeding.
Space for calculation
________________walking: ________________lying down: _______________feeding
1
(c) Suggest one improvement which could be made to this investigation to improve
the reliability of the results.
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________ 1
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(d) i) Other studies with pigs are set up to show which conditions they favour. What
name is given to such tests?
__________________________________________________________________________ 1
ii) State one disadvantage of providing better conditions for livestock such as pigs.
__________________________________________________________________________
.
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1
Key Area 5: Symbiosis & Key Area 6: Animal Behaviour
Section 1
1. The Alcon blue butterfly (Maculinea alcon) spends most of its life cycle as a
caterpillar associated with usually only one species of red ant (Myrmica species).
Once the caterpillar chews its way out of the flower where the butterfly laid its eggs,
it will die unless ants find it. Ants respond to the caterpillar’s secretions and adopt it,
taking it into their nest. The caterpillar is fed by worker ants and grows quickly,
occasionally eating ant larvae.
Which of the following represents the association between the butterfly species and
the ant species?
A Competition
B Mutualistic
C Parasitic
D Predatory
2. Schistosoma is a parasitic flatworm found in East Asia. Its eggs hatch in fresh
water, releasing a free-living stage that infects a species of freshwater snail. The
parasite multiplies asexually within the snail before being released into the water as
a second free-living stage. This stage is capable of penetrating the skin of humans and
other mammals when they are in fresh water. Inside the liver of the mammal, the
flatworms develop into sexually mature adults that disperse eggs via the host’s large
intestine.
The snail would be described as a
A primary host
B secondary host
C parasite
D vector
3. A pride of lions was studied hunting for three different prey species.
The table below shows the number of hunts carried out and the percentage of hunts
that resulted in one kill.
Prey species
Number of hunts
Percentage of hunts
resulting in one kill
Buffalo
60
15
Impala
80
30
Wildebeest
80
35
Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from this data?
A Cooperative hunting allows the lions to hunt more successfully.
B Lions killed more wildebeest than any other prey species.
C Buffalo used social defence mechanisms most successfully.
D More individual buffalo escaped than any other prey species.
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4. After a kill, the dominant individuals in a wolf pack will feed first followed by the
subordinate ones. This behaviour is best described as
A social hierarchy
B cooperative hunting
C defence
D appeasement
5. The list below gives examples of benefits gained from types of behaviour in
animals.
W increased survival of shared genes
X unnecessary conflict reduced
Y subordinates gain more food than by foraging alone
Which line in the table below matches correctly types of animal behaviour with the
benefits they give?
Type of animal behaviour
cooperative hunting
appeasement
kin selection
A
W
X
Y
B
Y
W
X
C
X
Y
W
D
Y
X
W
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Section 2
1. The tentacles of coral polyps have a symbiotic relationship with photosynthetic
algal cells as shown in the diagram.
(a) (i) Name the type of symbiosis shown by the relationship between coral polyps and
the photosynthetic alga.
_____________________________________________________
1
(ii) State one benefit to the coral polyps in this relationship.
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
1
(b) Symbiotic relationships have arisen by co-evolution.
Describe one piece of evidence from this example that would support this statement.
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
1
(c) Algal cells are eukaryotic and contain chloroplasts.
State one difference between the organisation of DNA found in chloroplasts compared
with DNA found in the nucleus of algal cells.
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
1
2. The honey bee (Apis mellifera) is a social insect which lives in colonies. The queen
is the only female in a colony that reproduces. Other females are workers which
collect food, maintain the colony and care for the developing offspring.
a) Explain the advantage to the worker bees of caring for the offspring of the queen
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
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2
b) The graph below shows the changes in the number of honey bee hives kept by beekeepers in the USA from 1945 to 2005.
i) Use values from the graph to describe the changes in the number of bee hives in
the forty-year period from 1965 to 2005.
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
2
b) ii) Express as the simplest whole number ratio, the number of bee hives in 1955
and 2005.
Space for calculation
_________________hives in 1955 : ________________ hives in 2005
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iii) Calculate the percentage decrease in bee hive numbers between 1960 and
1990
Space for calculation
_________________ %
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1
KA 7- Mass Extinction and Biodiversity & KA 8-Threats to
Biodiversity
Section 1
1. Which of the following best describes the effect of the emergence of a dominant
heather species on a moorland plant community?
A. Lowers species diversity and raises relative abundance of other plant species
B. Raises species diversity and raises relative abundance of other plant species
C. Lowers species diversity and lowers relative abundance of other plant species
D. Raises species diversity and lowers relative abundance of other plant species
2. The graph below shows how the population of algae in a fresh water loch was
affected by the concentration of nitrate ions in the loch water and by light intensity
through the seasons of a year.
Which of the following statements can be deduced from the graph?
A. The increase in nitrate ion concentration in late summer is followed by an increase
in algal population.
B. The size of the algal population depends directly on the level of light intensity.
C. The increase in algal population in spring is triggered by an increase in
concentration of nitrate ions in the water.
D. The algal population decreases when light intensity decreases.
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3. Cod is an important fish species which is caught for human food.
The graph below shows changes in the estimated biomass of cod stocks in a region
of the North Sea between 1960 and 2000.
Which line in the table correctly shows the overall decrease in estimated cod biomass
in this region in the ten year periods shown?
Ten-year period
Decrease in estimated cod
biomass in the region (tonnes)
A
1960 and 1970
150
B
1970 and 1980
100
C
1980 and 1990
100
D
1990 and 2000
50
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4. Northern elephant seals have very low genetic variation caused by a catastrophic
decline in numbers of this species due to over-hunting by humans. Present day
animals have all descended from the small number that survived.
What term is used to refer to the loss of genetic variation associated with a serious
decline in population?
A Founder effect
B Bottleneck effect
C Stabilising selection
D Directional selection
5. Following a mass extinction event, biodiversity
A- decreases slowly, due to speciation of survivors.
B- increases slowly, due to speciation of survivors.
C- decreases slowly, due to habitat fragmentation.
D- increases slowly, due to habitat fragmentation.
6. What name is given to non-native species that spread rapidly and eliminate native
species?
A Indigenous species
B Naturalised species
C Invasive species
D Introduced species
Section 2
1. The gharial (Gavialis gangeticus) is a critically endangered fish-eating crocodile
species which lives in north India.
Present day gharial populations have less variety of alleles and the allele frequency is
also lower.
(a) (i) Name the type of diversity which has been reduced in this case.
______________________________________________________________
1
(ii) Explain why less allele variety and a lower allele frequency is also increases
the risk of a species becoming extinct.
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
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2
(b) The gharial was formerly distributed evenly along the Ganges river and its main
tributaries in north India but its range has been reduced by pollution which has
destroyed parts of their habitat.
The map shows the Ganges river with the locations of four remaining isolated
populations numbered 1–4.
(i) Give the term used to describe the process which has restricted the gharials to
these four isolated areas.
__________________________________________________________________________
1
(ii) Suggest one measure which could be taken to avoid extinction of the gharial in
north India.
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
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1
2. Write notes on biodiversity under the following headings:
(i) measuring biodiversity
(ii) threats to biodiversity
4
6
(10)
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