Download 8) Bepassiveperfect

HELLO EVERYONE !
And...
How are
you, today
?
And...
What on
Earth could
we actually
learn today ?
Because after all...
What could you possibly
want to learn that you
do not already know ?
Indeed...
Don't you already know how
to conjugate English verbs in
nearly all of their possible
forms, including the present,
progressive, future,
conditional and past ?...
… On top of knowing how
to engage a conversation
and to pronounce English
words and sentences
properly ?
Well...
It does look like
you are now
much better
equipped to deal
with the English
language than
you were at the
beginning...
And at this point, why
not to simply look for
what we can do in order
to allow you to
become...
FULLY EQUIPPED !!!...
So...
Are you
ready to
take up this
challenge ?
GOOD ANSWER !...
So let's see what we
can do about this !...
And to start with...
Do you feel confident in
telling just what exactly
is an...
AUXILIARY VERB ?
Or a modal ?
And the
difference
between such
verbs and
normal verbs
?
I know, it's a rather
complicated question...
But at this point, you
probably know at least
something about modals,
right ?
And what about the other
auxiliary verbs ?
Do you have any idea
about what exactly they
might be ?
YES !...
DO, HAVE
and BE !...
So, in your opinion...
What would be the
relation, or the differences
between modals and other
auxiliary verbs ?
NOT BAD !!...
Not bad at
all !
And while we're at it...
Why not to
see what
experts have
to say about
it ?
...And take a look to the
following sites !...
http://www.elearnenglishlanguage.com/esl/grammar/mod
alverbs.html
http://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/verbaux.htm
So just so as to simplify
this even a step further...
It actually
looks like...
Auxiliary verbs are simply
used to...
« HELP »
another verb,
notably by
adding some
extra meaning
to it...
And now let's see if, by taking
a look to the following
examples, you can actually
find the main difference
between MODALS and
OTHER AUXILIARY
VERBS...
MODALS
I can play guitar.
He can play guitar.
OTHER AUXILIARY VERBS
I am playing guitar.
He is playing guitar.
BINGO !...
Other auxiliary
verbs are
CONJUGATED,
while modals
are not !...
So, at this point...
Aren't you
getting eager to
discover what
those other
auxiliary verbs
can actually be
used for ?
Well, then...
Let's just do
that !...
And in the first place, do
you recognize, in the
examples we just looked
at, an auxiliary verb that
we already knew, even if
we did not call it by this
name...
It is, indeed, the verb that
is used in building the
present progressive
form....
So, what is it ?
YES, INDEED !...
The verb
TO BE !!...
And now, apart from using
it as an auxilliary verb in
present progressive
constructions, what else
can we do with the verb
TO BE ?
Well, of course...
It can also be simply used
as a verb !...
And as such, the verb TO
BE is naturally used
mostly to describe states
and qualities, most often
expressed by adjectives,
as we can see in the
following sentences...
She is very happy about
her new job.
They are thirteen years
old.
Our teacher is so funny,
kind and interesting !...
Now, if you look at the next
bunch of examples, you will
see that the verb TO BE is
then used in the exact same
way, but you might notice
something rather special
about the adjectives
themselves... Let's see if you
can find out what it is !...
This house is very well built.
Your favorite cup is now
broken into three pieces.
We are so excited about this
lesson !
So, to be more precise...
What kind of words do
these « adjectives »
make you think about ?
YES ! They look like
verbs !
And do you
know why ?
It's because that's just
what they are !...
And more precisely...
They represent a special
form of the verb, called the
« PAST PARTICIPLE »....
But if you found it hard to
tell whether these words
were verbs or adjectives,
don't worry ! It's absolutely
normal, because...
It is the very property of a
« PARTICIPLE » to « share
some characteristics of both
verbs and adjectives », as
you can see here !...
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa
rticiple
And by the way, did you
know that there is also
something called the
« PRESENT
PARTICIPLE », and that
you already know how to
build it ?
Of course, since that is the form of
the verb that ends in -ING, and that
is used to build the present
progressive tense !
And just in case you don't remind it,
here are some examples of this
form :
RUNNING JUMPING CLIMBING
DIVING SWIMMING PLAYING
WORKING
Besides, just like any adjective,
let it be noted that the present or
past participles do not
necessarily need TO BE or any
other verb for being used, since
they can simply modify a noun by
being placed next to it, as you
can see by looking at these
examples...
The following examples are
indeed interesting !
This broken cup was one of
my favorite !
The excited students are all
eager to get to class !
GREAT !...
But now that you realize
you already know how
to form the present
participle, you are
surely wondering...
What about forming the
PAST participle !?!...
And now, well...
IT
DEPENDS
!...
Depends on what ?
Well...
… On whether the verb is
regular or not, simply !
So why not to start by
finding how to build the
past participle for
regular verbs, by simply
looking at the following
examples ?
Accept : ACCEPTED
Enjoy : ENJOYED
Flash : FLASHED
Talk : TALKED
Welcome : WELCOMED
So, how do you build
the past participle of a
regular verb ?
Well, indeed...
Simply by doing the exact
same thing that you do in
order to produce the simple
past tense !
Or in other words, you're right
! You simply need to...
Add -ED to the verb !...
And for doing so...
You also need
to simply apply
the same 3
special rules
that we saw
before,
naturally !...
And as for the past
participle of the irregular
verbs, well, of course...
They're irregular !...
So, once again, why not
to come back a few
moments to our list of
the most useful irregular
verbs ?...
And this time, let's just
take a closer look at this
mysterious third column
that we decided to
ignore last time !...
So, if you agree...
LET'S GO !...
And let's just open, once
again, the document
called « Most useful
irregular verbs » !...
And, just like we did last time
for the simple past forms...
Let's see how many of the
irregular past participle forms
you already know, and let's
just discover the others !...
And by the way...
Why not to learn for next
class what are thus the
most useful irregular past
participle forms ?
And now, all this is certainly
great, but...
Does anyone have an idea about
what the past participle can
actually be used for ?
Apart from being used just
as a simple adjective, like
when it is preceded by the
verb TO BE, as we could
see a few slides before ?
Well, why not to find at
least one other answer
to this excellent
question, by just looking
to these examples !...
The window is broken by
the ball.
The mouse is eaten by the
cat.
The shark is eaten by the
man.
And while we're at it, let's
take a closer look at the third
example, and let's modify it a
little bit, compare it to another
sentence, and see if you can
discover the difference
between the two...
The man eats the shark.
The shark eats the man.
Surely you can agree
that there is indeed
quite a difference
between...
THIS...
… and THAT !!...
And just so we can
understand this
difference even
better...
Can you tell, in these
two sentences, who
DOES the action ?
The man eats the shark.
The shark eats the man.
And in the same two
sentences, can you now
tell who RECEIVES the
action ?
The man eats the shark.
The shark eats the man.
EXCELLENT !...
And now, let's
see if we can
express this
difference in a
somewhat more
grammatical
language...
So, in a sentence, how would
you call the person or thing
that DOES the action ?
A) The SUBJECT
B) The OBJECT
And how would you call the
person or thing that
RECEIVES the action ?
A) The SUJECT
B) The OBJECT
YOU GOT IT !...
And now that
you have
apparently
grasped this
most crucial
distinction...
Let's just get back to the
following sentence, and
see if you can tell what
happens to the position of
its subject and object in
the next slide...
The man eats the shark.
The shark is eaten by
the man.
YES INDEED !
They just
switched
position !
And getting back to the
previous examples, can
you find what exactly
are the two parts of the
verbs we see in these
sentences ?
The window is broken by
the ball.
The mouse is eaten by the
cat.
The shark is eaten by the
man.
BINGO !
It appears that
the verbs in
these
sentences are
conjugated just
like this...
BE (conjugated)
+
PAST PARTICIPLE
So if we combine all our
observations about these
constructions, it looks like
they all basically follow
this pattern...
Object
+
BE (conjugated)
+
PAST PARTICIPLE
+
BY
+
Subject
And as for the name of
this new construction,
well there it is...
We are actually talking
here about the...
PASSIVE
VOICE !...
The passive voice thus
represents another
fundamental usage of
the verb TO BE and of
the past participle...
Now, of course...
You must certainly be
thinking that the passive
voice is definitely a great
thing, but wondering
« what exactly is it for » ?
And now...
To answer
such a
good
question...
Why not to simply...
… ask the
experts
about it ?...
And so let's just take a look to
the following sites !...
http://www.ego4u.com/en/cramup/grammar/passive
http://esl.about.com/od/grammarstructures/a/passi
ve_voice.htm
So, to sum it up...
It looks like the passive
voice can be used for
these three main
reasons...
1) To focus on the
action (or event)
2) To focus on the
object
3) For politeness
And now...
Coming back to the actual
construction of the passive
voice...
What do you think would be
the best word to describe the
role of the verb TO BE in
forming the passive voice ?
A) A verb ?
B) A modal ?
C) An auxiliary ?
YOU GOT IT RIGHT !...
An
AUXILIARY,
of course !...
And besides, it looks like
this can easily be
confirmed by another
expert, as we can see just
by going here !...
http://www.englishclub.com/grammar/verbsvoice_passive.htm
And now by the way...
What do you think would
happen TO THE VERB if
we tried to put into the
passive voice a sentence
in which modals are used
?
Well, of course...
There
probably is
only one way
to know about
it for sure,
namely to...
Do a little research !...
And for
this, let's
just take a
look at the
following
examples !
The cat may eat the mouse.
The mouse may be eaten by
the cat.
The ball could break the
window.
The window could be broken
by the ball.
So it appears that, as
always, one of the basic
properties of modals is not
only to remain invariable,
but to also strip the
following verbs of any
conjugation !
And in the case of the passive
voice, this actually means that
the verb TO BE is just not
actually conjugated when used
with a modal, and thus keeps its
infinitive form, which is...
Well, what is it, already ?
YES !...
BE !...
And apart from that, can you
guess, by taking another look
to the same examples, where
exactly should a modal be
placed, in a sentence
formulated in the passive
voice ?
The cat may eat the mouse.
The mouse may be eaten by
the cat.
The ball could break the
window.
The window could be broken
by the ball.
Indeed, the modal simply
appears to be at its usual place
in a sentence...
And where exactly is that place,
already ?
YES AGAIN !...
Just before
the verb, as
usual !...
Oh, and one last thing...
What do you think would
happen if we were to
conjugate in the simple
past a sentence in the
passive voice ?
And more precisely...
What part of the verb
should then be
conjugated in the simple
past ?
And just to settle this
straight away...
Why not to find that out by
simply looking at the next
slide !
The package is sent to China.
The package was sent to China.
She is told she did great.
She was told she did great.
The assignments are completed on
time.
The assignments were completed
on time.
EXACTLY !
• The
auxiliary,
on in other
words, BE
!
ALL RIGHT !...
And now that we know
not only how to build the
passive voice but when
and why to use it...
Why not to practice and
test our new knowledge
by going through a few
good...
EXERCISES !...
And morehttp://www.englischprecisely, let's just get
hilfen.de/en/exercises/active_passive/active_or_
to these other web sites !...
passive.htm
http://www.ego4u.com/en/cramup/grammar/passive/exercises
http://www.ego4u.com/en/cramup/grammar/passive/exercises?simple-present
http://www.ego4u.com/en/cramup/grammar/passive/exercises?simple-present2
CONGRATULATIONS !...
And now...
Coming back to the
original objectives of
this lesson...
It looks like we have now
learned how to use at
least one auxiliary verb,
namely BE, in building not
only the present
progressive tense but also
the passive voice...
And on top of that, we
have even discovered the
notion of participle, and
learned how to use it with
the verb TO BE, notably in
order to build the passive
voice...
But there still remains to
be seen one rather crucial
way in which the past
participle may be used...
And so...
Why not to just...
Find out
what it is
!?!...
So in the first place, let's
try to find, by looking at
the next examples, what
auxiliary verb is being
used with the past
participle...
I have seen that movie twenty
times.
He has never traveled by plane.
I have studied.
He has written a letter to María.
You have grown since the last
time I saw you.
YES INDEED !...
This time, the
auxiliary verb that is
used is not TO BE,
but TO HAVE !...
In fact, this specific way to use
the past participle actually
represents a new verb tense,
and probably the last one we
will need to study together, at
least for now...
And by the way, the name of
this ultimate verb tense is...
THE PRESENT
PERFECT !...
And as you might have
realized by now, the
present perfect tense is
actually built just like
this...
Subject
+
HAVE (properly
conjugated, in the
simple present)
+
PAST PARTICIPLE
But as usual...
What would be the point of
discovering a new verb
tense, if we did not even
learn what it is actually
used for ?
So let's try to find out at
least one first reason for
using the present
perfect tense, by simply
looking at the next few
examples...
… and more precisely, by
trying to determine if these
sentences describe past
actions that happen at some
A) SPECIFIED MOMENT
B) UNSPECIFIED MOMENT
I have seen that movie twenty
times.
I think I have met him once
before.
There have been many
earthquakes in California.
People have traveled to the
Moon.
YOU GOT IT !...
The most basic reason to
use the present perfect is
to describe an action that
happened at an
unspecified time before
now.
And now, by looking at the
next set of examples, let's
try to find if the present
perfect should be used for
events that are
A) COMPLETED
B) UNCOMPLETED
He has lived in Canada for 5 years.
In 1985, I lived in Florida.
James has not finished his homework
yet.
John finished his homework yesterday.
The train has still not arrived.
The train arrived in time yesterday.
School has not started yet.
School started last week.
INDEED !
The present perfect will be
used when we are still
waiting for the action to be
completed, whereas if the
action is completed, the
simple past will be used
instead.
Finally, in order to discover a
third crucial reason for using the
present perfect, let's try to see, in
the following examples, if the
action
A) STILL HAS AN INFLUENCE
ON THE PRESENT
B) IS NOT RELEVANT ANY
MORE
I have lost my keys.
I can't come because I have
broken my leg.
I have learned English in my
childhood.
BINGO !...
And so, to sum it up...
It looks like the present
perfect tense can
essentially be used for
these three basic
reasons :
For describing actions that..
1) Happened at some
unspecified time in the past
2) Are still waiting to be
completed
3) Still have an influence on
the present
But once again...
That may actually
not exactly be
the end of the
story, as you
may see by
looking at a few
next
examples...
And in fact...
Do you think you may even
guess what is a first more
specific reason for using the
present perfect, by looking
at these examples ?...
I haven't smoked today.
I've lived here all my life.
Have you ever been to China?
My brother has written several
plays.
I have never driven such a fast car.
WELL SAID !
For actions
happening in a
period of time
that includes
the present,
and that is
thus
incomplete !...
And now, since you're so well
started...
Why not to go
for yet
another
bunch of
examples !...
I have been to France.
I have been to France three times.
I have never been to France.
I think I have seen that movie before.
He has never traveled by train.
Joan has studied two foreign
languages.
A: Have you ever met him?
B: No, I have not met him.
THAT'S EXACTLY IT !
To describe your
EXPERIENCE,
simply !...
And in the same vein...
How would you
describe the
use of the
present
perfect in the
following
examples ?
Man has walked on the Moon.
Our son has learned how to
read.
Doctors have cured many deadly
diseases.
Scientists have split the atom.
I have climbed that mountain
many times before.
INDEED !
We are
actually
speaking
here about
ACHIEVEMENT
S !...
And now...
What's next
?...
Well...
You guessed
right !
We'll just move to yet
another bunch of
examples !...
You have grown since the last time I saw
you.
The government has become more
interested in arts education.
Japanese has become one of the most
popular courses at the university since the
Asian studies program was established.
My English has really improved since I
moved to Australia.
The interest of the government for the
environment has decreased over the years.
THIS IS CORRECT !
The present
perfect can
indeed be used
to describe a
change that
has happened
over a period of
time !
And if you now allow me
to show you a final bunch
of examples...
The army has attacked that city five times.
I have had four quizzes and five tests so far
this semester.
We have had many major problems while
working on this project.
She has talked to several specialists about
her problem, but nobody knows why she is
sick.
I couldn't have put it any better !
We can finally
use the present
perfect to talk
about multiple
actions that
have occured at
different times
!...
And by the way...
In case you still consider you
couldn't get enough
knowledge about the
present perfect...
I would actually recommend at least
taking a look at the following
document :
« Present perfect bonus »...
ALL RIGHT !
And now, as usual when dealing
with auxiliaries or modals, there
still remains one last thing to do
before we can say that we really
master the issue, namely to learn
how to conjugate the form in
the...
Negative, abbreviated,, and
abbreviated negative forms !
Do you think you can do it ?
Anyway, let's just give it a try
!...
By conjugating all these forms
in the following verbs…
SEE
BE
Well, this certainly looks like a
PERFECT mastery of the present
PERFECT tense !...
And while we're
at it...
Let's see if we can fully conjugate,
and thus in the positive, negative,
contracted and negative contracted
forms, all of these new
constructions we recently
discovered : HAVE TO, HAVE GOT
TO, GOT TO and GOTTA
(contraction), with the verb TO GO...
And... Let's go !...
AWESOME !
And now, just for the fun of
it, let's see how to turn into
the passive voice a verb
conjugated in the present
perfect tense...
And more precisely, let's just
see if, by looking at the next
slide, you can discover
WHAT PART of a passive
construction should then
actually be conjugated in the
present perfect tense...
The mouse is eaten by the cat.
The mouse has been eaten by the cat.
You are promoted.
You have been promoted.
I am told you are doing well.
I have been told you are doing well.
This lesson is given by Mister Tremblay.
This lesson has been given by Mister
Tremblay.
YOU GOT IT !...
The auxiliary,
or in other
words the
verb BE itself
!
And now that you have
apparently reached a point
of nearly PERFECT
mastery of the present
PERFECT...
Why not to put your
mastery to the test, by
completeting a few
good...
EXERCISES !...
And as usual, let's just get to
some well-built sites, such as
these ones !...
http://www.anglaisfacile.com/exercices/exerciceanglais-1/exercice-anglais-18.php
http://web2.uvcs.uvic.ca/elc/studyzone/410/gram
mar/pperf1.htm
http://www.englischhilfen.de/en/exercises/tenses/simple_past_presen
t_perfect.htm
http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/verbs5.htm
EXCELLENT !
And now, as
usual, why not
to put this new
understanding
into practice by
simply...
Talking to each other !...
And since we now know
that the present perfect
tense is the one that is
typically used to describe
accomplishments, why not
to ask each other...
What are our...
GREATEST
ACHIEVEMENTS ?...
So...
LET'S
JUST DO
IT !....
And so, let's just open the
document called « Perfect
achievements »...
GOOD JOB !
And now that you have
practically reached a
PERFECT understanding
of the present PERFECT...
We might as well just bid
each other farewell...
And may everything in
your life be...
PERFECT !...
And as a part of such a perfect life...
Why not to
have another
great English
class next
week ?
So...
See you
next class !
Mister Tremblay cours d'anglais
All rights reserved
Tous droits réservés