Download Earth Space Science - Laconia School District

Earth Space Science
By Abigail Teichert
ESS1
• ESS1 - The Earth and Earth materials,
as we know them today, have
developed over long periods of time,
through constant change processes.
ATMOSPHERE, CLIMATE, & WEATHER
• Identify and describe the processes
involved in the water cycle and explain
its effects on climatic patterns.
• The water cycle is the Transition and
movement of water involving
evaporation, transpiration,
condensation, precipitation, runoff, and
infiltration.
Water Cycle
Things to look for
• On the next sidle is a diagram of the
water cycle, take a moment to absorb
the diagram. Then move on for a great
explanation of the elements that make
the water cycle possible.
The Water Cycle
Evaporation:
• Evaporation happens because warmth
from the sun causes water from lakes,
streams, ice, and soils to turn into
water vapor in the air. Almost all of the
precipitated water (80 percent) goes
right back into the air because of
evaporation. The rest runs off the land
or soaks into the ground to become
ground water.
Transpiration
• Transpiration happens when plants
give off water vapor through tiny pores
in their leaves. This is the plant’s way
of getting rid of waste, just like people
and animals sweat when they’re hot!
This water vapor evaporates into the air
and is stored in the atmosphere until it
becomes clouds or precipitation.
Condensation
• Condensation is the changing of a gas to a
liquid, or water vapor turning into a liquid.
Water vapor
• Water vapor is water in a gas form that is
held in the air until it changes back to
water. You know, sometimes it’s sticky
outside in the summer - that’s just water
held in the air. The water can change into
fine droplets by "condensing" in the air,
and we get clouds. When the droplets get
big enough, they are pulled to the earth by
gravity as precipitation, better known as
rain, sleet, snow, hail, dew, or frost.
Precipitation
• Precipitation is made up of any type of
water that falls to the earth like snow,
hail, mist, or rain.
Ground Water
• Ground Water is simply water under the ground
where the soil is completely filled or saturated with
water. This water is also called an "aquifer." Ground
water moves underground from areas where the
elevation is high, like a hilltop, to places that are
lowland areas. Water movement is slow and might
move anywhere from less than a millimeter up to a
mile in a day.
• Where the water table meets the land surface, a
spring might bubble up or seep from the ground and
flow into a lake, stream woodland, or the ocean.
Ground water that meets the land surface also helps
Rivers, streams, lakes and wetlands stay filled with
water.
Infiltration
• Infiltration happens when water soaks into
the soil from the ground level. It moves
underground and moves between the soil
and rocks. Some of the water will be soaked
up by roots to help plants grow. The plant’s
leaves eventually release the water into the
air through the plant’s pores.
• Some of the water keeps moving down into
the soil to a level that is filled with water,
called ground water. The very top of this
layer filled with ground water is called the
water table.
Water Table
• A Water Table is found underground
where the rock and soil begin to be
filled or "saturated" with water. It also
marks the very top of the ground water
layer.
ESS1
• Identify and describe the impact certain
factors have on the Earth’s climate,
including changes in the oceans’
temperature, changes in the
composition of the atmosphere,
Something About the Ocean!
• The ocean temperatures are rising,
when they raise the ice caps melt.
When the ice caps melt the ocean will
get colder. When the ice caps melt it
will maybe raise the temperature in the
ocean so much causing an ice age, in
some parts of the world.
Something About the
Atmosphere!
• The Earth is surrounded by a blanket of air
called the atmosphere. The atmosphere is
made up of various gases that act as a
protective shield for the Earth and allow life
to exist. Without it, we would be burned by
the intense heat of the sun during the day or
frozen by the very low temperatures at night.
Because of the greenhouse cycle (which
holds in carbon dioxide when used) the earth
and the atmosphere are starting to get over
heated rising temperature on Earth.
ESS1
• Describe the layers of the Earth,
including the core, mantle, lithosphere,
hydrosphere, and atmosphere;
What is Earth?
• The Earth is composed of four different
layers. Many geologists believe that as the
Earth cooled the heavier, denser materials
sank to the center and the lighter materials
rose to the top. Because of this, the crust
is made of the lightest materials (rockbasalts and granites) and the core
consists of heavy metals (nickel and iron).
Diagram of Earth’s Layers
Core
• Core- the central portion of the earth,
having a radius of about 2100 miles,
and believed to be composed mainly of
iron and nickel in a molten state.
Mantle
• Mantle- the portion of the earth, about
1800 miles thick, between the crust and
the core.
Lithosphere
• Lithosphere- the outer part of the earth,
consisting of the crust and upper mantle,
approximately 100 km (62 mi.) thick.
Hydrosphere
• Hydrosphere- the water on or
surrounding the surface of the globe,
including the water of the oceans and the
water in the atmosphere.
Atmosphere
• Atmosphere- The mixture of gases
surrounding the Earth. The Earth's
atmosphere consists of about 79.1 percent
nitrogen (by volume), 20.9 percent
oxygen, 0.036 percent carbon dioxide and
trace amounts of other gases
ESS1
• Use geological evidence provided to
support the idea that Earth’s
crust/lithosphere is composed of plates
that move.
Diagram of Plates
What is Earth’s Crust?
• The Earths crust is not a solid shell; it is
broken up into huge, thick plates that drift
atop the soft, underlying mantle. The
plates are made of rock and drift all over
the globe; they move both horizontally and
vertically. Over long periods of time, the
plates also change in size as their margins
are added to, crushed together, or pushed
back into the Earth's mantle. These plates
are from 50 to 250 miles thick.
Fossils
ESS3
Explain how fossils found in
sedimentary rock can be used to support
the theories of Earth’s evolution over
geologic time, and describe how the
folding, breaking, and uplifting of the
layers affect the evidence.
What Are Fossils?
• Fossils are the evidence of plants or animals which lived on
Earth long ago. To become a fossil, most organisms must have
hard parts such as bones or shells since the soft parts decay
before they are fossilized. The plant or animal must be buried
quickly to prevent decay. It must also remain undisturbed for a
long period of time. A fossil might be the thigh bone of a
triceratops or the petrified trunk of a tree. Fossils found in
sedimentary rocks are found because sedimentary rocks are
the most common type of rocks found on Earth. Because
sedimentary rocks are formed by smaller pieces of rocks
fossils can be found in sedimentary rocks because they can be
a piece that the rock became part of. The folding, breaking, and
uplifting of the layers all change the speed that sedimentary
rock is formed.
ESS1
• Describe how catastrophic changes that
have taken place on the Earth’s surface
can be revealed by satellite images.
Satellite Changes
• Catastrophic changes that have taken
place on the Earth’s surface have been
revealed by satellite images because
the changes now are so big that they
can be seen from space. The changes
include change in atmosphere, ocean,
landforms, and lithosphere. Most of the
changes are increasing temperature,
which cause the ice caps to melt, and
will possibly make more farm and less
cold land on Earth.
PROCESSES AND RATES OF CHANGE OF THE
EARTH’S SURFACE
ESS1
• Explain that the Earth's crust is divided
into plates that move at extremely slow
rates in response to movements in the
mantle.
• Is covered in a previous slide.
ESS1
• Explain how earth events, abruptly and
over time, can bring about changes in
Earth’s surface: landforms, ocean floor,
rock features, or climate.
More About Plates!
• Earths events over time change the Earth. They change Earth’s
surface because the plates move and push the plates (together,
apart ect.). They change the landforms because a big mountain
hit by an earthquake might be so big anymore (might flatten out
a little), a stream that has a mudslide come through it might
become more of a river, and then from there maybe even turn
into a small lake or pond. An earthquake can change the ocean
floor because if the floor moves then the water gets misplaced
or unbalanced. This then can cause a tsunami. When rocks
such as plates hit each or move then that can cause an
earthquake. Over time global warming will warm the climate,
and will warm the earth’s surface (oceans also!). When the
oceans get warmer they will cause the ice caps to melt (already
are) which might cause the ocean in warmer parts of the world
to get a lot colder, until eventually might cause other parts of
the world to freeze, which could potentially cause an ice age.
ESS1
• Explain the role of differential heating or
convection in ocean currents, winds,
weather and weather patterns,
atmosphere, or climate.
Convection Heating
• Convection is heat transfer by mass motion of a fluid
such as air or water when the heated fluid is caused
to move away from the source of heat, carrying
energy with it. Convection above a hot surface
occurs because hot air expands, becomes less
dense, and rises. Hot water is likewise less dense
than cold water and rises, causing convection
currents which transport energy.
• Convection in ocean currents, the water acts as the
liquid.
• In winds and weather convection heating used the
water vapor for the liquid.
Differential Heating
• Differential heating refers to the difference in how land and
water surfaces absorb heat. Water has a higher capacity for
storing heat than does land surfaces. This means that the same
amount of solar radiation will heat up the ground more than it
will the ocean. In addition, heat absorbed by the oceans is
distributed, through mixing, over a greater depth than is the
heat absorbed by land surfaces. So in the summer, when the
amount of solar radiation is highest, the difference between the
land and ocean temperatures is highest. This causes the air
over the land to heat up and expand causing it to become less
dense and rise. This rising air is then replaced with neighboring
moisture rich air from over the oceans surface resulting in a
sea breeze
• Differential heating in ocean currents happen during the winter
because the pcean is much colder, and the differential heating
has a better time of sticking of to the water to make heat.
ESS3
• The origin and evolution of galaxies
and the universe demonstrate
fundamental principles of physical
science across vast distances and
time.
Size and Scale
.
• Define an astronomical unit as the distance from
the Earth to the Sun
• A Light year is a measure of distance. Light
travels at 186,000 miles per second. A light year
is the distance that light can travel in a year. A
light year is 5,865,696,000,000 miles.
• Our sun is 8 or so light minutes away. If the sun
were to suddenly explode right now, we wouldn't
know about it for eight minutes because that is
how long it would take for the light of the
explosion to get here.
Size and Scale
• Explain that special units of measure, such as light
years and astronomical units are used to calculate
distances in space.
• Special units of measure such as light years are
used to calculate distances in space because miles
such don’t cut it. The closest star to Earth in space
in 24,000,000,000,000 miles away. There are other
star that are billions of times farther away, when you
start looking at distances that far away you have to
start using big distances because a mile just isn’t
practical, you don’t want to have to talk about
numbers with 20 digits.
Stars and Galaxies
•
•
Describe objects such as asteroids,
comets and meteors in terms of their
characteristics and movement
patterns.
The majority of the asteroids in the
main asteroid belt fall under three
categories:
C-type (carbonaceous)
• These make up about 75 percent of all
known asteroids. C-type asteroids are
actually thought to be similar in
composition to the sun, just without
hydrogen, helium and other combustible
material. They're very dark and absorb
light easily, and you can locate them on
the outer edges of the main belt.
S-type (silicaceous)
• These make up about 17 percent of all
known asteroids. Their composition is
mainly metallic iron and ironmagnesium silicates, and they're found
in the inner edge of the main belt.
M-type (metallic)
• M-type (metallic) - The remaining 8
percent of the asteroids are made of
metallic iron and are found in the middle
region of the main belt
The Way Asteroids Travel
• Asteroids travel in a some extent oblique orbit
around the sun, in the same direction as the
Earth. Asteroids rotate like the Earth except over
a short period of time- anywhere between one
hour and a day, depending on their size. Most
asteroids larger than 200 meters spin very
slowly, no faster than once every 2.2 hours.
This has led astronomers to assume that bigger
asteroids are very loosely held together because
of constant bombardment from other asteroids. If
thery where to spin any faster, they’d break
apart and fly into space.
What Comets Are Though to be
Made Of:
• dust
• ice (water, ammonia, methane, carbon
dioxide)
• some carbon-containing (organic)
materials (e.g., tar)
• a rocky center (some comets)
How Comets Move
• Comets are thought to orbit the sun in either the
Oort cloud or Kuiper belt. When another star passes
by the solar system, its gravity pushes the Oort
cloud and/or Kuiper belt and causes comets to
descend toward the sun in a highly elliptical orbit
with the sun at one focus of the ellipse. Comets can
have short period orbits (less than 200 years such as
Halley's Comet) or long period orbits (greater than
200 years such as comet Hale-Bopp).
• As the comet passes within six AUs of the sun, the
ice begins to go directly from the solid to the gas
state (sublimation) much like the way fog is formed.
When the ice sublimes, the gas and dust particles
flow away from the sun to form the comet's tail.
As a comet approaches the sun, it warms up. During
this warming, you can observe several distinct parts:
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nucleus
coma
hydrogen envelope
dust tail
ion tail
What Are Meteorites?
• Meteorites are pieces of asteroids and
other bodies like the moon and Mars
that travel through space and fall to the
earth. They are rocks that are similar in
many ways to Earth rocks, but it is
exciting to find a piece of another
planet here on Earth. Meteorites fall to
Earth all the time and are distributed
over the entire planet, so you could
even find one in your own backyard!
Characteristics of Meteorites
• Fusion crust is a thin (1 to 2 mm) coating of
glass that covers the outside of a freshly
fallen meteorite. It is like the glaze on
ceramic ware. Usually, fusion crust is black
because of iron in the meteorite. But
sometimes it is brown or greenish or even
clear. It will usually have small cracks and a
texture like leather. Iron meteorites and stone
meteorites can have fusion crust, but a few-very few--freshly fallen meteorites have none
at all.
Regmaglypts
• Regmaglypts are depressions resembling
(and called) thumbprints that are produced
on the surface of some meteorites during
atmospheric transit by material ablating
(melting) off the surface.
Density
• Density A measure of the quantity of some
physical property (usually mass) per unit
length, area, or volume (usually volume).
Mass density is a measure of the mass of a
substance per unit volume. Most substances
(especially gases such as air) increase in
density as their pressure is increases or as
their temperature decreases. Energy density
is a measure of the amount of energy (often
in the form of electromagnetic radiation) per
unit volume in a region of space or some
material.
Magnetism
• Magnetism is:
2.attraction for iron; associated with
electric currents as well as magnets;
characterized by fields of force
1.the branch of science that studies
magnetism
Iron-nickel metal
Iron-nickel metal:
• About two-thirds of all known meteorites contain
iron-nickel metal. "Iron-nickel" means that the
metal is mostly iron but it contains 5-30% nickel
as well as a few tenths of percent cobalt. Ironnickel metal in meteorites also has high
concentrations (by terrestrial standards) of rare
metals like gold, platinum, and iridium. It's
usually easiest and cheapest to test for nickel,
however, because it's more abundant than the
rare metals.
Chondrule
• The average size of a Chondrule is one
millimeter in diameter, but it is not
uncommon to have chondrules
between 7 or 8 millimeters in diameter.
Sites Sited!
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