Download Period 4 Spring Exam Review Sheet

Period 4 Spring Exam Review Sheet
CLASSIFICATION
Terms:
Classification: The process of grouping things according to their similarities
Taxonomy: The study of classification; how things are classified
Binomial nomenclature: Two naming system, Linnaeus developed it. It uses physical
characteristics in a genus followed by a species.
Genus: is a classification grouping that consists a number of similar, closely related species.
Species: A group of organisms that are physically similar and can mate with each other and
produce offspring that can also mate and reproduce.
Prokaryote: An organism whose cell lacks a nucleus and some other cell structures.
Eukaryote: An organism whose cell contains nuclei.
Nucleus: The control center of a cell that controls the activities and function of a cell.
Bacteria: Unicellular, prokaryote, autotrophs/heterotrophs
Archaea: Like bacteria but different structure and chemical makeup
Eukarya: Organism made up of cells that do contain a nucleus
Content: Levels of Taxonomy: Pneumonic Device, Did King Philip come over for good soup?
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Binomial Nomenclature: Two naming system. Used physical characteristics to place an
organism in a genus
Rules: 1. Capitalize the first word (genus)
2. Never capitalize the species
3. Always written in italics
4. Names derived from Latin
Concepts/Skills: Dichotomous key: You use a dichotomous key by evaluating the characteristics and
determine the genus and species by that information.
Sample questions:
1. What is the difference between bacteria and Eukarya?
2. What does taxonomy mean?
3. What is a dichotomous key?
4. How do you use a dichotomous key?
5. What is a nucleus?
6. Why do scientists classify?
7. Who developed classification?
8. What is a species?
9. What is the difference between genus and species?
10. What is a domain?
CHEMISTRY OF THE CELL
Terms:
Elements and symbols
Compounds and symbols
Subscripts and coefficients
Reactants and products
Writing/reading chemical equations
Counting the number of atoms/molecules in an equation
Atom vs. element vs. compound
Macromoecules and their role in orgaelles
Proteins, lipids, and Nuclecic Acids
Hierarchey of atoms, macromolecules, organelles, cells, tissue, etc.
Content:
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Elements are substances that cant be broken down in to smaller one and the symbols that are
used t identify them.
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When two or more elements are combined chemically and the symbols that are used to
identify them.
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Subscript and coefficients are both for the number of molecules and describes how many
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The substances being combined are the reactants. The product is what happens as a result of
the reactants being combined.
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helps figure out the chemical reactions
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if the amounts were different than what they were supposed to be it’ll be a different
compound.
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A compound is 2 elements a atom is the basic building block of everything. A element is the
basic tool.
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Organic compounds that make up all living things
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Protein is a form of a cell membrane. Lipid stores more energy than carbs. Nucleic acids
serve as genetic material
Concepts/Skills: ???
Sample questions:
 What is the chemical symbol for oxygen?
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What is formed when sodium and chlorine are combined?
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What is the compound glucose made of?
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What is the definition of a macromolecule?
TRANSPORT OF SUBSTANCES
Terms: Osmosis- the diffusion of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane
Diffusion- the process by which molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an
area of lower concentration
Passive transport- the movement of dissolved materials through a cell membrane without
using cellular energy
Active transport- the movement of materials through a cell membrane using cellular energy
Selectively permeable- some substances can pass through the membrane while others cannot
Content: * diffusion is the main method by which small molecules move across the cell membrane
*the concentration of a substance is the amount of the substance in a given volume
 cells can’t function properly without adequate water many cellular processes depend on it
 cell membrane is selectively permeable
Points of Diffusion
A). Particles always moving/ crashing.
B). They move from high to low concentration
C). The move until equilibrium
Concepts/Skills: Osmosis- H20 will move to area of lots of H20, water molecules move by diffusion
from an area where they are highly concentrated through the cell membrane to an area where they are less
concentrated. Diffusion-molecules are always moving, the more molecules there are in an area, the more
collisions there will be.
Sample questions: 1. How are Osmosis and Diffusion the same? How are they different?
2. What causes diffusion?
3. What are the effects that Osmosis can do to the cell?
4. Why would the molecules move to a lower concentration?
5. How does the cell transport particles/ molecules by engulfing?
6. What are some transport proteins?
7.How does the cell decide whether they’re going to use active or passive transport?
8. How do water molecules move through the cell membrane during Osmosis?
9. How is active transport different then passive transport?
10. How do most molecules that are smaller, manage to cross the cell membrane?
PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND RESPIRATION
Terms:
Photosynthesis- all light energy directly or indirectly from the sun
Products and reactants of photosynthesis- H2O in the form of gas O2
Balanced chemical equation for photosynthesis- 6CO2+6H2O light energy C6H12O6+6O2
Cellular respiration- The conversion of glucose to ATP in energy that can be used by the cell
Products and reactants of cellular respiration- CO2 is released
Balanced chemical equation for cellular respiration- C6H12+6O2
6CO2+6H2O+ATP
How photosynthesis and cellular respiration complete a cycle- what one gives the other absorbs
Fermentation- an example of anaerobic respiration
Alcohol Fermentation- By using yeast or other single celled organisms can break down sugar
releasing alcohol (this does not happen in human bodies)
Lactic acid fermentation- when oxygen is used up to quickly and muscles use fermentation to
convert energy which produces lactic acid
Content:
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Photosynthesis directly or indirectly from the sun
Produces H2O in gas O2 form
6CO2+6H2O light energy 6CO2+6H2O+ATP
cellular respiration converts ATP into energy
CO2 is released
C6H12+6O2
6CO2+6H2O+ATP
1 gives other absorbs
2 types of fermentation
Concepts/Skills:
Equations
Balanced Chemical Equation for Photosynthesis- 6CO2+6H20
Balanced
Diagrams:
C6H12O6+6O2
Sample questions:
1. What are the 2 stages of Photosynthesis?
2. What are the two types of cellular respiration?
3. What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis?
4. What is the chemical equation of cellular respiration?
5. What is the relationship of photosynthesis and cellular respiration?
6. What are the two types of fermentation? Explain them.
7. What is an autotroph and heterotroph?
8. What is a pigment?
9. What is chlorophyll?
10. What is the product of cellular respiration?
MITOSIS
Terms: Interphase- first stage of cell cycle (right before mitosis) where chromosomes double.
Mitosis-the division of the nucleus
Prophase- stage one of mitosis- Nuclear envelope breaks down. Chromatin condense into rod
like structures.
Metaphase- second stage- chromosomes line up in the center of the cell. Spindle fibers attach to
chromosomes.
Anaphase- third stage centromeres break apart to form two chromosomes, which then move to
opposite ends of the cell. In animal cells, a cell plate forms.
Telophase- fourth stage-new nuclear envelope forms around chromosomes and the cell starts
pinching together.
Content: Key differences between Mitosis and Meiosis:
1. Mitosis produces identical cells. Meiosis has genetic diversity because of crossing over.
2. Mitosis has one division which makes 2 cells, while Meiosis has 2 divisions to make four
cells.
3. Mitosis’s end product is two diploid cells, while Meiosis ends with four haploid cells.
4. Mitosis’ purpose is to make somatic cells. Meiosis is for gametes.
Stages of Mitosis: see terms
In Interphase DNA is replicated. Sides of DNA made up of sugar (deoxyribose) and phosphate.
The rungs are made of nitrogen bases-Adenine pairs with Thymine and Guanine pairs with
Cytosine.
Replication process: 1. Two sides of DNA unwind and separate.
2 Nitrogen Bases on each half pair with nitrogen floating around in cell.
DNA is exact copy now because of the way they pair A with T and G with C
Concepts/Skills: order of phases is PMAT or Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase
Know how mitosis fits into cell cycle. The cell cycle is: Interphase, Mitosis, Cytokinesis. Know how to label
diagrams of each phase of Mitosis (look at the following diagrams to review)
Diagrams:
Sample questions:
1) What are the four phases of Mitosis?
2) What are the four nitrogen bases?
2) Which bases pair with which?
4) Mitosis creates what kind of cell, diploid or haploid?
5) What happens in the first phase of Mitosis?
6) What happens in the second phase?
7) What happens in the third phase?
8) The fourth?
9) What are four differences between Mitosis and Meiosis?
10) What are the sides of the DNA ladder made up of?
MEIOSIS
Terms: Meiosis, diploid, gamete, haploid, homologous chromosomes, tetrad, crossing over, somatic
cells, karyotypes, fertilization, abnormal meiosis, heredity, trisomy, monosomy, deletions, transoltaions.
Content: What is Meiosis? Meiosis is to produce four unique sex cells. What is crossing-over?
Crossing-over is an exchange of genetic material between two chromosomes. The purpose of crossing-over is to
not make the four sex cells identical.
Concepts/Skills: Meiosis 1- interphase, prophase 1, metaphase 1, anaphase 1, telophase/ cytokenisis.
Meiosis 2- prophase 2, metaphase 2, anaphase 2, telophase 2, cytokenisisl
Diagrams:
Sample questions: 1. What is the purpose of meiosis 1?
2. What is the purpose of meiosis 2?
3. Why must gametes be haploid?
4. What is crossing over and when does it occur?
5. What is the difference between a haploid and a diploid?
6. What is the difference between meiosis and mitosis?
7. Why does crossing over occur?
8. How many chromosomes do human gametes have?
9. Why do doctors need karyotypes?
10. How are the four cells at the end of meiosis not identical?
GENETICS I
Terms:
Mendelian Genetics
Heredity
Trait
Cross Pollination
Purebred
Hybrid
Gene
Allele
Dominant
Recessive
Homozygous
Heterozygous
Genotype
Phenotype
Codominance
Incomplete Dominance
Punnett Square
Probability
Content:
- Genes, alleles, and heredity
- Genotype vs. phenotype
- Homozygous/Heterozygous
- Punnett Squares and probability
- Mutations in genes and chromosomes that cause disorders
- Dominant/Recessive/Codominance/Incomplete Dominance
Concepts/Skills:
Understand:
Genes, Alleles, and Heredity
Genotype vs. Phenotype
Homozygous vs. Heterozygous
Dominant/Recessive vs. Codominance vs. Incomplete Dominance
How to make a Punnett Square for Dominant/Recessive including probability information
Mutations in the gene causing disorders
Sample questions:
1. What is the difference between codominance and incomplete dominance?
2. T/F: homozygous traits can be Ll.
3. T/F: heterozygous traits pass on a recessive gene.
4. What is the difference between genotype and phenotype?
5. If an organism is grey then is it complete or incomplete dominance?
6. If a phenotype is Rr, then is the organism homozygous?
7. What mutations cause genetic disorders?
8. How do you make a Punnett Square?
9. What Punnett Squares determine?
10. T/F: Traits can be controlled
MODERN GENETICS
Terms
Sex-linked
Multiple Alleles
Polygenetic inheritance
Stem cells
Cloning
Gene therapy
Content:
1. Stem cell research
2. cloning, gene therapy
3. sex linked traits
4. multiple alleles and polygenic inheritance
5. Genetic engineering
Concepts/Skills: Pedigrees
- symbols
male = square
female = circle
infected = filled in
carrier = half shaded
- rules
always write a key
Diagrams:
Sample questions:
How can you tell that a pedigree is sex-linked?
What are the sex chromosomes for a male?
What is the main way stem cells are gotten?
Has a human been cloned ever?
What is the difference between a sex –linked chromosomes and autosomal chromosome?
Is this pedigree dominant or recessive?
When you write a pedigree do you need a key?
Do pedigrees follow the rules of punnett squares?
Would a carrier on an autosomal pedigree?
Does the parent of a carrier have to be infected?