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Classification Taxonomy 2.5 million kinds of organisms and an est. 20 million unknown species on Earth. Damselfish Biologists must classify them with other organisms that have similar characteristics Taxonomy: branch of biology that names and groups organisms according to their characteristics Aristotle was the first to classify organisms plants and animals Kalimantan jungle toad Linnaeus’s System Carolus Linnaeus developed a more specific grouping of organisms Based on seven different levels of organization King Philip Can Order Free Gum Samples Large to small: Kingdom – Largest Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species – the smallest grouping that contains a single organism type Classification is based on similarity Kingdom Family Country State City Street House Genus Last name Species First name Phylum Class Order Binomial Nomenclature Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778) Developed a naming system called binomial nomenclature to name each organism on Earth Binomial nomenclature – two-name naming system Binomial (2) (names) Nomenclature (system of naming) Binomial Nomenclature The scientific name of an organism has two parts Genus - capital letters and italicized Species – italicized Ex. Homo sapiens Homo is our genus sapiens is our species Binomial Nomenclature Species Smallest group in biological classification Members can inter-breed with each other, and produce fertile offspring Genus Felis Felis Homo species cattus concolor sapien house cat mountain lion humans Ursus Arctos Ursus Maritimus Ursus Americanus Why Binomial Nomenclature? Why don't scientists use a common name like dogs instead of Canis familaris? 1. Some common names describe more than one species (there are several species of finches) 2. Some species have more than one common name (In England, corn is called maize) 3. With binomial nomenclature, scientists from around the world can discuss a species in a common language The Six Kingdoms Organisms are grouped into six kingdoms based on their fundamental characteristics Morphology: the study of these characteristics Includes the internal and external appearance of an organism. Dichotomous Keys A series of paired choices that ultimately leads to the identification of a species Helps to organize and identify species The Six Kingdoms Vocab Review Unicellular- one celled organism Multicellular- many celled organism Prokaryotic- simple, one strand of DNA, no nucleus, cytoplasm (ex: most bacteria) Eukaryotic- all cell organelles, nucleus with double stranded DNA, more complex Autotroph - organisms that make their own food: photosynthesis. Heterotroph - organisms that cannot make their own food so they feed on other organisms or organic waste for energy. Archaebacteria Archae means Ancient Prokaryotic Unicellular Cell Walls Autotrophic (chemosynthesis) and heterotrophic Live in harsh conditions Hot springs, salty lakes, anaerobic situations, acidic environments Some grow in ocean depths near volcanic vents (extremely high temps) Eubacteria Prokaryotic Unicellular Cell Wall Autotrophic and heterotropic Mostly aerobic Most common life form These are the common bacteria that affect your life (cause tooth decay, turn milk to yogurt) E. Coli Protista Eukaryotic Uni- and multicellular Autotrophic and heterotrophic Every eukaryotic organism that is not a fungus, plant, or animal is considered a Protist (approx. 50,000 species) Wide variety of life forms Ex: algae, amoeba, paramecium Paramecium Chlorophyta Fungi Eukaryotic Uni- and multicellular Heterotrophic (absorb food) Over 100,000 species Ex. Mushrooms, mildew, mold, yeast Foot Fungus!!! Plantae Eukaryotic Multicellular Cell Walls Autotrophic (photosynthetic) Reproduction via meiosis 350,000 species Ex. Ferns, mosses, conifers Animalia Eukaryotic Multicellular Heterotrophic (ingest food) Reproduction via meiosis Symmetrical bodies Mobile in their environment Creepy Crawler Dichotomous Keys Find one characteristic that splits the species in half Only work with one group until all are identified Example 1a. If the organism has legs…..go to ?? 1b. If the organism doesn’t have legs…go to 2 2a. If the organism has a fanned neck…..Grapus cobrius 2b. If the organism doesn’t have a fanned neck….go to 3 3a. If the organism is green and yellow…..Greenwus demonus 3b. If the organism is cyan….Skyer bluius 4a. Cladograms Cladogram- branching diagram that shows an evolutionary relationship among groups of organisms Cladograms help scientists understand the course of evolution Cladistics Cladistics: Analysis of the evolution of new characteristics Derived Characteristics: Unique characteristic that defines a group of organisms Derived Characteristics Examples 2 arms and 2 legs Warm blooded Feathers Hair Backbone 1. The jaw bone feature is an example of what? a. a molecular clock b. a derived character c. a scientific name d. a kingdom 3. What feature do the wolf and the turtle share, that the other organisms do not? a. hair b. vertebral column c. amniotic eggs d. four legged locomotion 2. The wolf is most recently related to what organism? a. salamader b. lancelet c. turtle d. grouper 4. The grouper's oldest ancestor is what organism? a. lancelet b. wolf c. salamader d. lamprey 5. What organism does not have a vetebral column? a. lamprey b. lancelet c. grouper d. turtle DNA DNA comparisons are also used to show how closely related organisms are The more similar the DNA sequences, the more closely related (common ancestry) DNA marks the passage of evolutionary time A molecular clock uses DNA comparisons to estimate the length of time that two species have been evolving independently (i.e. how long ago the species split) Sources http://bugs.bio.usyd.edu.au/Entomology/images/Topics/classification/classifi cation.gif http://www.science.siu.edu/zoology/zool467/systematics/img002.gif http://wwwraider.stjohns.k12.fl.us/sciencevocab/svmedia/binomialnomenclature.gif http://distans.livstek.lth.se:2080/tongue14w.jpg http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/imagsmall/arcella2.jpg http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/Michael.Gregory/files/Bio%20102/B io%20102%20lectures/Fungi/club_fungi_1.jpg http://www.lib.uiowa.edu/hardin/md/pictures22/cdc/PHIL_2939_lores.jpg http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/carr/images/conifer.jpg