Download Classification Notes - Thunderbird High School

Classification
Taxonomy
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2.5 million kinds of organisms and an est. 20
million unknown species on Earth.
Damselfish
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Biologists must classify them with other organisms
that have similar characteristics
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Taxonomy: branch of biology that names and
groups organisms according to their characteristics
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Aristotle was the first to classify organisms
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plants and animals
Kalimantan jungle toad
Linnaeus’s System
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Carolus
Linnaeus
developed a
more specific
grouping of
organisms
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Based on seven
different levels
of organization
King Philip Can Order Free
Gum Samples
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Large to small:
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Kingdom – Largest
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species – the smallest
grouping that contains a single
organism type
Classification is based on similarity
Kingdom
Family
Country
State
City
Street
House
Genus
Last name
Species
First name
Phylum
Class
Order
Binomial Nomenclature
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Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778)
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Developed a naming system called binomial
nomenclature to name each organism on Earth
Binomial nomenclature – two-name naming
system
Binomial
(2)
(names)
Nomenclature
(system of naming)
Binomial Nomenclature
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The scientific name of an
organism has two parts
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Genus - capital letters and
italicized
Species – italicized
Ex. Homo sapiens
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Homo is our genus
sapiens is our species
Binomial Nomenclature
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Species
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Smallest group in biological classification
Members can inter-breed with each other, and
produce fertile offspring
Genus
Felis
Felis
Homo
species
cattus
concolor
sapien
house cat
mountain lion
humans
Ursus Arctos
Ursus Maritimus
Ursus Americanus
Why Binomial Nomenclature?
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Why don't scientists use a common name like dogs
instead of Canis familaris?
1. Some common names describe more than one
species (there are several species of finches)
2. Some species have more than one common name (In
England, corn is called maize)
3. With binomial nomenclature, scientists from around
the world can discuss a species in a common language
The Six Kingdoms
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Organisms are grouped
into six kingdoms based
on their fundamental
characteristics
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Morphology: the study
of these characteristics
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Includes the internal
and external
appearance of an
organism.
Dichotomous Keys
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A series of paired choices that ultimately
leads to the identification of a species
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Helps to organize and identify species
The Six Kingdoms
Vocab Review
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Unicellular- one celled organism
Multicellular- many celled organism
Prokaryotic- simple, one strand of DNA, no nucleus,
cytoplasm (ex: most bacteria)
Eukaryotic- all cell organelles, nucleus with double
stranded DNA, more complex
Autotroph - organisms that make their own food:
photosynthesis.
Heterotroph - organisms that cannot make their
own food so they feed on other organisms or organic
waste for energy.
Archaebacteria
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Archae means Ancient
Prokaryotic
Unicellular
Cell Walls
Autotrophic
(chemosynthesis) and
heterotrophic
Live in harsh conditions
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Hot springs, salty lakes,
anaerobic situations, acidic
environments
Some grow in ocean
depths near volcanic
vents (extremely high
temps)
Eubacteria
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Prokaryotic
Unicellular
Cell Wall
Autotrophic and
heterotropic
Mostly aerobic
Most common life form
These are the common
bacteria that affect your life
(cause tooth decay, turn
milk to yogurt)
E. Coli
Protista
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Eukaryotic
Uni- and multicellular
Autotrophic and
heterotrophic
Every eukaryotic
organism that is not a
fungus, plant, or animal
is considered a Protist
(approx. 50,000 species)
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Wide variety of life
forms
Ex: algae, amoeba,
paramecium
Paramecium
Chlorophyta
Fungi
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Eukaryotic
Uni- and multicellular
Heterotrophic (absorb food)
Over 100,000 species
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Ex. Mushrooms, mildew,
mold, yeast
Foot Fungus!!!
Plantae
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Eukaryotic
Multicellular
Cell Walls
Autotrophic (photosynthetic)
Reproduction via meiosis
350,000 species
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Ex. Ferns, mosses, conifers
Animalia
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Eukaryotic
Multicellular
Heterotrophic
(ingest food)
Reproduction via meiosis
Symmetrical bodies
Mobile in their
environment
Creepy Crawler Dichotomous Keys
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Find one characteristic that splits the
species in half
Only work with one group until all are
identified
Example
1a. If the organism has legs…..go to ??
1b. If the organism doesn’t have legs…go to 2
2a. If the organism has a fanned neck…..Grapus cobrius
2b. If the organism doesn’t have a fanned neck….go to 3
3a. If the organism is green and yellow…..Greenwus
demonus
3b. If the organism is cyan….Skyer bluius
4a.
Cladograms
Cladogram- branching
diagram that shows
an evolutionary
relationship among
groups of organisms
Cladograms help
scientists understand
the course of
evolution
Cladistics
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Cladistics: Analysis of the evolution of
new characteristics
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Derived Characteristics: Unique
characteristic that defines a group of
organisms
Derived Characteristics
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Examples
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2 arms and 2 legs
Warm blooded
Feathers
Hair
Backbone
1. The jaw bone feature is an example of what?
a. a molecular clock
b. a derived character
c. a scientific name
d. a kingdom
3. What feature do the wolf and the turtle share, that the other
organisms do not?
a. hair
b. vertebral column
c. amniotic eggs
d. four legged locomotion
2. The wolf is most recently related to what organism?
a. salamader
b. lancelet
c. turtle
d. grouper
4. The grouper's oldest ancestor is what organism?
a. lancelet
b. wolf
c. salamader
d. lamprey
5. What organism does not have a vetebral column?
a. lamprey
b. lancelet
c. grouper
d. turtle
DNA
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DNA comparisons are also used to show how
closely related organisms are
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The more similar the DNA sequences, the more
closely related (common ancestry)
DNA marks the passage of evolutionary time
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A molecular clock uses DNA comparisons to
estimate the length of time that two species have
been evolving independently (i.e. how long ago the
species split)
Sources
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http://bugs.bio.usyd.edu.au/Entomology/images/Topics/classification/classifi
cation.gif
http://www.science.siu.edu/zoology/zool467/systematics/img002.gif
http://wwwraider.stjohns.k12.fl.us/sciencevocab/svmedia/binomialnomenclature.gif
http://distans.livstek.lth.se:2080/tongue14w.jpg
http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/imagsmall/arcella2.jpg
http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/Michael.Gregory/files/Bio%20102/B
io%20102%20lectures/Fungi/club_fungi_1.jpg
http://www.lib.uiowa.edu/hardin/md/pictures22/cdc/PHIL_2939_lores.jpg
http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/carr/images/conifer.jpg