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Antebellum America The Abolition Movement The movement to abolish slavery After Nat Turner, it became a radical movement Different groups had different ideas to end slavery 1.American Colonization Society- They wanted to send blacks back to Africa. They even started the colony Liberia to send former slaves to. Abraham Lincoln once supported this option. 2. Others wanted blacks to remain as free citizens. William Lloyd Garrison, Frederick Douglass Assenting to the "self-evident truth" maintained in the American Declaration of Independence, "that all men are created equal, and endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights -- among which are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness," I shall strenuously contend for the immediate enfranchisement of our slave population. In Park-street Church, on the Fourth of July, 1829, in an address on slavery, I unreflectingly assented to the popular but pernicious doctrine of gradual abolition. I seize this opportunity to make a full and unequivocal recantation, and thus publicly to ask pardon of my God, of my country, and of my brethren the poor slaves, for having uttered a sentiment so full of timidity, injustice and absurdity. A similar recantation, from my pen, was published in the Genius of Universal Emancipation at Baltimore, in September, 1829. My conscience is now satisfied. I am aware, that many object to the severity of my language; but is there not cause for severity? I will be as harsh as truth, and as uncompromising as justice. On this subject, I do not wish to think, or speak, or write, with Frederick Douglass Former Slave who escaped to the North Believed in Non-Violence He wrote Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass in 1845 He would later become a secret advisor to Abraham Lincoln Harriet Beecher Stowe (1811 – 1896) So this is the lady who started the Civil War. -- Abraham Lincoln Uncle Tom’s Cabin 1852 Sold 300,000 copies in the first year. 2 million in a decade! Harriet Beecher Stowe She attacked slavery, but she also attacked people who weren’t doing anything about it 2nd best Selling Book of the 19th century behind the Bible Uncle Tom’s Cabin brought slavery out of just the Political realm and brought it into the social realm. Uncle Tom’s Cabin, 1852 Missouri Compromise • In 1819, Missouri considered in Congress for statehood – There are 11 slave states, 11 free states – Missouri would upset the balance in the Senate • South says North conspiring to destroy the Union, end slavery • North says South trying to extend slavery Missouri Compromise-1820 • At the same time, Maine is seeking admission as a state • Maine will be admitted as a Free State, MO can be added as a Slave State • No more slaves in Louisiana Territory • MO drafts a Constitution that prohibited FREE blacks from entering Missouri Compromise 12th President- Zachary Taylor 13th President- Millard Fillmore Compromise of 1850 Compromise of 1850 1.California comes in as a Free State 2. New, stronger Fugitive Slave Law- law requiring northerners to return runaways to their owners 3. Slave Trade in Washington D.C. is abolished. 4. New Mexico and Utah would have Popular Sovereignty – people living there can decide whether they want slavery or not. Underground Railroad Not a railroad. Not Underground A system used to help slaves escape to freedom Harriet Tubman She was an escaped slave who went back to the South 19 times and was responsible for helping 300 slaves escape to freedom 1852- Franklin Pierce becomes President of the U.S. The Saddest President Sad 15th President- James Buchanan Illinois Senator Stephen A Douglas Has a great Idea More Popular Sovereignty Kansas-Nebraska Act- 1854 Pro-Slavery men pour over into Kansas from Missouri. Anti-Slavery men come from up North. Most are voting illegally, but no way to prove it. Pro-Slavery men win(illegally) but now Kansas is a slave state THIS LEADS TO: “Bleeding Kansas” 1856 Lawrence, KS was an abolitionist town. The pro-slavery attacked and burned it down John Brown Radical Abolitionist Will Retaliate But first? “The Crime Against Kansas” Sen. Charles Sumner (R-MA) Congr. Preston Brooks (D-SC) This sends John Brown over the edge! John Brown led a raid on a proslavery camp and killed 5 proslavery people by splitting open their skulls with broadswords. He gets away with it, but everyone knows who did it! 1859 John Brown is back! Harper’s Ferry, Virginia John Brown’s Fort John Brown- Madman or Martyr? Dred Scott Case Get out your packets! Supreme Court Ruled: 1. Dred Scott was NOT Free 2. Scott was NOT a Citizen 3. If Scott isn’t a Citizen, then he can’t sue anyone in court 4. Scott was property and owners can take property wherever they want and not Roger Taney Chief Justice of lose it. Supreme Court 1858 Mid-Term Elections Abraham Lincoln VS. Stephen A Douglas Illinois Senate Race VS Who wins? Stephen A Douglas Presidential Election of 1860 John Breckenridge Stephen A. Douglas Kentucky Illinois Southern Democrat Democrat Abraham Lincoln John Bell Illinois Tennessee Republican Constitutional Union LINCOLN WINS! Lincoln has to wait 4 months before he becomes President James Buchanan is still President for 4 months! 5 ½ Weeks after the election. December 1860, South Carolina secedes from the Union By February 1861, 6 more states seceded: MS, FL, AL, GA, LA, TX These were all “Deep South” States where slavery was most important Texas would say: We hold as undeniable truths that the governments of the various States, and of the confederacy itself, were established exclusively by the white race, for themselves and their posterity; that the African race had no agency in their establishment; that they were rightfully held and regarded as an inferior and dependent race, and in that condition only could their existence in this country be rendered beneficial or tolerable. February 1861- Confederate States of America is started. Jefferson Davis Mississippi Senator is elected as 1st president The new constitution has put at rest, forever, all the agitating questions relating to our peculiar institution — African slavery as it exists amongst us — the proper status of the negro in our form of civilization. This was the immediate cause of the late rupture and present revolution. Jefferson in his forecast, had anticipated this, as the "rock upon which the old Union would split." He was right. What was conjecture with him, is now a Alexander Stephens realized fact. But whether he fully comprehended CSA Vice President the great truth upon which that rock stood and Cornerstone Speech stands, may be doubted. (Jefferson's) ideas, however, were fundamentally wrong. They rested upon the assumption of the equality of races. This was an error. ... Our new government is founded upon exactly the opposite idea; its foundations are laid, its corner–stone rests, upon the great truth that the negro is not equal to the white man; that slavery — subordination to the superior race — is his natural and normal condition. Lincoln takes office in March 1861 Lincoln said he wouldn’t interfere with slavery where it already existed and reminded the country that secession was illegal By March, 1861, The US only controlled 4 forts that were in the Confederacy. By April, 1861, only one remainedFort Sumter- Charleston, SC Lincoln sent supply ships to Sumter, but Southerners wouldn’t let the ships dock Before the Ships arrived, Jefferson Davis ordered the Confeds to fire on Ft. Sumter April 12, 1861 @ 4:30 Am. South Carolina started firing on Ft. Sumter. Union soldiers tried to fight back but ran out of ammo and supplies Eventually. No Union soldiers killed in the fight. Fort Sumter- 2007 After Sumter, Lincoln demanded every remaining US State to send some troops to join the army to invade the Confederacy! At this, the Upper South states secede- Virginia, Arkansas, N. Carolina, and Tennessee This double the white population of the Confederacy! More railroads, more food, more industry The Capital moves to Richmond, VA from Montgomery, AL NORTH/UNION 22 Million people total 6 Million of fighting age Better Industry/ Transportation Government w/ infrastructure CONFEDERACY/REBELS 9 Million People total 2 million of fighting age Lots of Cotton to sell for $$$$$ Fighting a Defensive War Home Field Advantage Psychological Advantage They believed they were better fighters. Why did men join the Army? 1. Patriotism- Their government needs them! 2. Sense of Adventure/Travel 3. Peer Pressure Winfield Scott- 1st Union head general Anaconda Plan Eastern Theater VS. Western Theater George McClellan replaces Winfield Scott as Union Head General His goal was to capture Richmond, VA His biggest problem was that he was always too cautious and slow to commit his army McClellan was too nervous to attack from August 1861-March 1862 Eastern Theater Spring 1862- Peninsula Campaign in VA backfires for the Union and McClellan It was great for the new Confederate general Robert E. Lee. He would dominate the Union in the East throughout most of 1862 Robert E. Lee Confederate General Eastern Theater VS. Western Theater Western Theater Feb. 1862- Grant captures two major Confed. forts in TN. Fort Henry and Fort Donelson. “Unconditional Surrender” By the end of Spring 1862Union controlled all major forts on the MS river except Ulysses S. Grant one in Vicksburg, MS. Western Theater is going good for the Union! September 1862- Eastern Theater Lee moves his army into Maryland, a union state, but a slave state. Lee wanted France and England to support the CSA, and a victory in Maryland would seal the deal. Battle of Antietam- Bloodiest Robert E. Lee day in American history. 27,000 Confederate General casualties in one day. And Nobody won. The battle was a draw! However, Lincoln said close enough to a victory to issue his new proclamation After Antietam, Sept. 1862, Lincoln issues the EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION This proclamation freed all the slaves in the Confederacy if they don’t join the Union by January 1, 1863. What’s the catch though? What are we missing? Consequences of Antietam: 1. People even more aware of the horrors of what this war has become. 2. Emancipation Proclamation issued 3. England and France MUCH LESS likely to join Confederacy 4. Union has a new “moral” reason to fight in this war! Union starts to become Freedom Fighters for the first time! African-American Recruiting Poster th The Famous 54 Massachusetts Col. Robert Gould Shaw 54th Regiment of Massachusetts African-Americans in Civil War Battles The War in the West, 1863: Vicksburg Ulysses S. Grant Vicksburg Robert E. Lee Lee claims he won Antietam. and the Confederates control the Eastern Theater Throughout 1862 and into the Summer of 1863. Lee decides to raid the North again. This time he moves into Gettysburg, PA Battle of Gettysburg July 1-3, 1863 Gen. George Meade Maj. Gen. George Pickett Robert E. Lee The Road to Gettysburg: 1863 Gettysburg Casualties Gettysburg Address Nov. 1863 1864 Election Year Abraham Lincoln George McClellan New York City Draft Riots- 1863 Why did they riot? 1. Rich people were able to pay $300 and avoid the draft 2. The immigrants blame free blacks for taking their jobs 3. They start blaming the entire war on African-Americans Overland Campaign Grant Kills Rebels and Union soldiers, but it Hurts the Rebels more. June 1864 Lee retreats to Richmond Appomattox Court House- Lee submits to Grant