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Chapter 27 Europe and the Great Depression of the 1930’s The Great Depression In order to help exports many countries abandoned the gold standard Countries enact high protective tariffs to help home industries Some countries place quotas on the amount of imports The prosperity of the 20’s had a shaky base •It was built on a few key industries •It was largely based on credit •The agricultural boom was based on war shortages When these conditions stopped, so did prosperity The Stock Market triggered the Depression, that began in American and spread to Europe Financial Troubles *Reparations and war debt - France demands reparations from Germany -US demands repayment of loans from England and France Germany’s ability to pay reparations come largely from loans from US and European banks With the Stock Market Crash, US banks do not have the capital to lend to Europe Agricultural Problems New governments in Eastern and Central Europe turned to land reform Large estates are turned into small peasant farms These farms are inefficient and farmers are unable to earn enough to buy new equipment or consumer goods Farmers are not helped by the decreasing price of farm products The Labour Party comes to power in 1924 and 1929 under Ramsey Mac Donald In 1931 MacDonald goes back on some of the Labour goals to combat the Depression and many from the Party reject him A coalition government known as the National government with mainly Conservatives and some Labour under MacDonald takes over in 1931 They make some changes to fight the Depression 1. Reject the gold standard 2. Balance budget with cuts in unemployment and government wages 3. 10% tariff This is a surprise since gold and free trade have been a standard of the British commercial policy The Irish Question Britain voted Home Rule for Ireland in 1914 but deferred it until the end of the war Irish rise up in the Easter Rebellion of 1916, which the British put down After the war Sinn Fein leads a guerilla war against England that results in recognition of the Irish Free State and dominion status. . . Except for Northern Ireland 1949 all ties are broken with the Commonwealth and the country is renamed the Republic of Ireland The problems in Ulster remained The Statute of Westminster of 1931 defined dominion status as equal to each other and England No act passed by Parliament was binding to the dominions except by their consent France French government still assailed from the left and the right On the left the Radical Socialist and Moderate Socialist can not agree enough to cooperate against the government Key figure from the right is Raymond Poincare As Primer he sends French troops in to the Ruhr He establishes a new tax system, cuts government spending, builds new modern factories to replace those destroyed in war While French workers did not share as much in the prosperity of the 20’s, the Depression was not as severe as in other countries In the 30’s there is a rise of Fascist like groups in France, often with financial support of the wealthy In 1934 there are riots in France led by right-wing extremists that threaten the Chamber of Deputies With the right threatening the government, the left found a reason to support it The various groups on the left form a coalition known as the Popular Front In 1936 they campaign on a pledge to defend the republic against fascism, to take measures against the depression, and introduce labor reform With their victory Leon Blum becomes the new Premier Leon Blum Blum gets much social legislation through including a 40 hour work week, collective bargaining, farm subsidies, and nationalization of aviation industry Popular Front lasts only a year and the conservative government that follows keeps some of the reforms in place Hitler Born 20, 1889 outside of Linz Austria Father: Alois Mother: Clara Father was customs agent 1903: Father dies 1905: Hitler leaves school 1907: fails test for admission to Art School Mom dies 1908: fails test again Stays in Vienna – sells pictures Vienna 1900 Vienna has highly visible Jewish population – 10% Also has vocal anti-Semetic groups Mayor of Vienna led one Hitler’s first exposure to anti-Semetic literature Begins to associate Jews with Socialism and Communism Hitler moves to Munich When WWI comes he avoids service in Austrian Army Joins German Army instead Hitler becomes dispatch runner Gets Iron Cross Class nd 2 and st 1 Hitler as a soldier October 13, 1918 Hitler injured in gas attack After war Hitler assigned to Army Political Department to investigate political parties & give anti-socialist speeches to soldiers September 12, 1919 goes to meeting of German Workers Party Only 25 people there Hitler joins party as member #7 KEYS TO HITLER’S PROPAGANDA *a few ideas *no depth-keep it simple *use stereotypes What is Hitler’s Message? Plays off discontent of people: *unemployment *hatred of Republic *hatred of Commies *upset about war and treaty Stab in the Back Who is responsible for losing the war? Message: Your problems are not your fault! Solutions: *get rid of the Republic *restrict Jewish access to economy, society and government Beer Hall Putsch November 8 & 9, 1923 Hitler attempt to over throw government of Bavaria the march to Berlin Hofbrauhaus Frick Ludendorff Hitler Rohm While in jail Hitler dictates Mein Kamfp Hitler vows to use the elective system to gain power July 1932 election Nazi 270 seats Social Dems 133 Communists 89 January 30, 1933 Hitler offered Chancellorship Hitler is legal head of the government Concentration Camps • Dachau first camp opened March 1933 • July 1934 construction of camps such as Buchenwald, Flossenburg and Sachsenhausen begins • Began for Enemies of the State • Mostly Political prisoners • For Re-education Dachau 1934 February 1933 Reichstag fire Hitler blames Communists Enabling Act March 23, 1933 Hitler can rule by decree Only two obstacles to Hitler having absolute power Night of Long Knives • June 30, 1934 • SA- Brown shirted Storm troopers • Ernest Rohm wanted to be People’s Army –Independent of Wehrmacht –Possibly independent of Hitler •Rohm and other SA leaders are killed •Others who have crossed Hitler are targeted 300-1000 Hitler and Rohm 1933 Gustav von Kahr Former Prime Minister of Bavaria Helped stop Beer Hall Putsch Karl Ernst SA leader of Berlin Started Reichstag fire? General Kurt von Schleicher Former Chancellor Gregor Strasser SS breaks into home of Willi Schmidt and takes him away They got the wrong Willi Schmidt, the music critic not the Strasser associate. Results •SS became independent •Hitler gets support of Army and Industry Only obstacle now: President Hindenburg Can’t have him wacked, have to wait for him to die Not hard to do, Hindenburg is 86 When Hindenburg dies on August 1934 Hitler assumes office of President as well as Chancellor der Fuhrer Different groups on how to handle Jews 1. Volkisch group Keep Jews as out of society, culture and government Keep them in business Goering 2. Anti-Semetic Mystics Looking for evidence of inferiority Rosenburg 3. Violent schizophrenic Jew haters Drive them out or kill them Julius Streicher Goebbels Goal: racial purity Want the Aryan/Nordic type Most of Nazi leadership fits this model 1938 Kristallnacht Night of the Broken Glass Son of exiled Jews shoots German official in France Goebbels uses this as excuse to attack Jews ‘spontaneous’ attacks on Jewish sections of cities Dr. Joseph Goebbels 91 killed 26,000 arrested 101 synagogues destroyed 7500 businesses destroyed Nuremberg Race Laws • 9/15/35 Defined what was Jewish and set up laws to limit Jews rights • Laws include no mixed marriages • Jews lost their citizenship • No sexual relations between Jews and full blooded Germans Nazi government wants population increase, but only among the racially pure Women are not seen as having a role in society beyond motherhood They are to instill a love of nation to their children League of German Girls Leni Riefenstahl with Joseph Gobbels Triumph of the Will 1936 Party Rally Totenehrung Honoring the Dead Nazi Economic Policy Since Hitler used the Depression to gain popular support, it is necessary for him to reduce its effects Depression Nazis will: *destroy trade union movement *ignore consumer satisfaction *Sets up a massive program of public works Most of the public works projects are related to rearmament Government built canals, reclaimed lands and built an extensive highway system 1934 Autobahn Unemployed workers sent to the country side for agricultural work Workers not allowed to change jobs without permission