Download Chapter 27 Depression - Birmingham Public Schools

Chapter 27 Europe and the Great Depression
of the 1930’s
The Great Depression
In order to help exports many
countries abandoned the gold
standard
Countries enact high protective tariffs
to help home industries
Some countries place quotas on the
amount of imports
The prosperity of the 20’s had a shaky
base
•It was built on a few key industries
•It was largely based on credit
•The agricultural boom was based on
war shortages
When these conditions stopped, so
did prosperity
The Stock Market triggered the
Depression, that began in American
and spread to Europe
Financial Troubles
*Reparations and war debt
- France demands reparations
from Germany
-US demands repayment of
loans from England and
France
Germany’s ability to pay
reparations come largely from
loans from US and European
banks
With the Stock Market Crash, US
banks do not have the capital to
lend to Europe
Agricultural Problems
New governments in Eastern and
Central Europe turned to land reform
Large estates are turned into small
peasant farms
These farms are inefficient and farmers
are unable to earn enough to buy new
equipment or consumer goods
Farmers are not helped by the
decreasing price of farm products
The Labour Party comes to power in
1924 and 1929 under Ramsey
Mac Donald
In 1931 MacDonald goes back on some
of the Labour goals to combat the
Depression and many from the Party
reject him
A coalition government known as the
National government with mainly
Conservatives and some Labour under
MacDonald takes over in 1931
They make some changes to fight
the Depression
1. Reject the gold standard
2. Balance budget with cuts in
unemployment and government
wages
3. 10% tariff
This is a surprise since
gold and free trade
have been a standard
of the British
commercial policy
The Irish
Question
Britain voted Home Rule for Ireland
in 1914 but deferred it until the end
of the war
Irish rise up in the Easter Rebellion
of 1916, which the British put down
After the war Sinn Fein leads a
guerilla war against England that
results in recognition of the Irish
Free State and dominion status. . .
Except for Northern Ireland
1949 all ties are broken with the
Commonwealth and the country is
renamed the Republic of Ireland
The problems in Ulster remained
The Statute of Westminster of 1931
defined dominion status as equal to
each other and England
No act passed by Parliament was
binding to the dominions except by
their consent
France
French government still assailed from
the left and the right
On the left the Radical Socialist and
Moderate Socialist can not agree
enough to cooperate against the
government
Key figure from the right
is Raymond Poincare
As Primer he sends
French troops in to the
Ruhr
He establishes a new tax system, cuts
government spending, builds new
modern factories to replace those
destroyed in war
While French workers did not
share as much in the prosperity
of the 20’s, the Depression was
not as severe as in other
countries
In the 30’s there is a rise of Fascist
like groups in France, often with
financial support of the wealthy
In 1934 there are riots in France led
by right-wing extremists that threaten
the Chamber of Deputies
With the right threatening the
government, the left found a reason
to support it
The various groups on the left form
a coalition known as the Popular
Front
In 1936 they campaign on a
pledge to defend the republic
against fascism, to take
measures against the
depression, and introduce labor
reform
With their victory Leon Blum
becomes the new Premier
Leon Blum
Blum gets much social legislation
through including a 40 hour work
week, collective bargaining, farm
subsidies, and nationalization of
aviation industry
Popular Front lasts only a year
and the conservative government
that follows keeps some of the
reforms in place
Hitler
Born 20, 1889 outside of Linz
Austria
Father: Alois
Mother: Clara
Father was customs agent
1903: Father dies
1905: Hitler leaves school
1907: fails test for admission
to Art School
Mom dies
1908: fails test again
Stays in Vienna – sells pictures
Vienna
1900
Vienna has highly visible Jewish
population – 10%
Also has vocal anti-Semetic
groups
Mayor of Vienna led one
Hitler’s first exposure to anti-Semetic
literature
Begins to
associate Jews
with Socialism
and Communism
Hitler moves to Munich
When WWI comes he avoids
service in Austrian Army
Joins German Army instead
Hitler becomes dispatch
runner
Gets Iron Cross
Class
nd
2
and
st
1
Hitler as a soldier
October 13, 1918
Hitler injured in gas
attack
After war Hitler assigned to
Army Political Department to
investigate political parties &
give anti-socialist speeches to
soldiers
September 12, 1919 goes to
meeting of German Workers
Party
Only 25 people there
Hitler joins party as member
#7
KEYS TO HITLER’S
PROPAGANDA
*a few ideas
*no depth-keep it simple
*use stereotypes
What is Hitler’s Message?
Plays off discontent of people:
*unemployment
*hatred of Republic
*hatred of Commies
*upset about war and treaty
Stab in the Back
Who is
responsible for
losing the war?
Message: Your problems are not your
fault!
Solutions:
*get rid of the Republic
*restrict Jewish access to economy,
society and government
Beer Hall Putsch
November 8 & 9, 1923
Hitler attempt to over throw
government of Bavaria the
march to Berlin
Hofbrauhaus
Frick
Ludendorff
Hitler
Rohm
While in jail Hitler
dictates Mein
Kamfp
Hitler vows to use the elective
system to gain power
July 1932 election
Nazi
270 seats
Social Dems 133
Communists 89
January 30, 1933
Hitler offered
Chancellorship
Hitler is legal head of the
government
Concentration Camps
• Dachau first camp opened March 1933
• July 1934 construction of camps such as
Buchenwald, Flossenburg and Sachsenhausen
begins
• Began for Enemies of the State
• Mostly Political prisoners
• For Re-education
Dachau 1934
February 1933
Reichstag fire
Hitler blames
Communists
Enabling Act
March 23, 1933
Hitler can rule by decree
Only two obstacles to
Hitler having absolute
power
Night of Long Knives
• June 30, 1934
• SA- Brown shirted Storm troopers
• Ernest Rohm wanted to be People’s Army
–Independent of Wehrmacht
–Possibly independent of Hitler
•Rohm and other SA leaders are
killed
•Others who have crossed Hitler
are targeted 300-1000
Hitler
and
Rohm
1933
Gustav von Kahr
Former Prime
Minister of
Bavaria
Helped stop Beer
Hall Putsch
Karl Ernst
SA leader of
Berlin
Started
Reichstag fire?
General Kurt von
Schleicher
Former Chancellor
Gregor Strasser
SS breaks into home of Willi
Schmidt and takes him away
They got the wrong Willi Schmidt,
the music critic not the Strasser
associate.
Results
•SS became independent
•Hitler gets support of Army and
Industry
Only obstacle
now:
President
Hindenburg
Can’t have him wacked, have to
wait for him to die
Not hard to do, Hindenburg is 86
When Hindenburg dies on
August 1934 Hitler
assumes office of
President as well as
Chancellor
der Fuhrer
Different groups on how to handle
Jews
1. Volkisch group
Keep Jews as out of society,
culture and government
Keep them in business
Goering
2. Anti-Semetic Mystics
Looking for evidence of
inferiority
Rosenburg
3. Violent schizophrenic Jew haters
Drive them out or kill them
Julius Streicher
Goebbels
Goal: racial purity
Want the Aryan/Nordic type
Most of Nazi leadership fits
this model
1938 Kristallnacht
Night of the Broken Glass
Son of exiled Jews shoots
German official in France
Goebbels uses this as excuse to
attack Jews
‘spontaneous’ attacks on Jewish
sections of cities
Dr. Joseph
Goebbels
91 killed
26,000 arrested
101 synagogues destroyed
7500 businesses destroyed
Nuremberg Race Laws
• 9/15/35 Defined what was Jewish and
set up laws to limit Jews rights
• Laws include no mixed marriages
• Jews lost their citizenship
• No sexual relations between Jews and
full blooded Germans
Nazi government wants population
increase, but only among the racially
pure
Women are not seen as having a
role in society beyond motherhood
They are to instill a love of nation to
their children
League of German Girls
Leni Riefenstahl
with Joseph
Gobbels
Triumph of the Will
1936 Party Rally
Totenehrung
Honoring the Dead
Nazi Economic Policy
Since Hitler used the Depression to
gain popular support, it is necessary for
him to reduce its effects
Depression
Nazis will:
*destroy trade union movement
*ignore consumer satisfaction
*Sets up a massive program of public
works
Most of the public works projects are
related to rearmament
Government built canals, reclaimed
lands and built an extensive highway
system
1934 Autobahn
Unemployed workers sent to the
country side for agricultural work
Workers not allowed to change jobs
without permission