Download Textbook Topic Lab Manual Chapter 7 The Axial Skeleton Exercise

Textbook
Topic
Lab Manual
Chapter 7
The Axial
Skeleton
Exercise 9
Chapter 8
The
Appendicular
Skeleton
Exercise 10
Chapter 9
Articulations
(Joints)
Exercise 11
The Skull: Bones to Know
Cranial Bones
Facial Bones
• Frontal bone
• Palatine bones (2)
• Parietal bones (2)
• Zygomatic bones (2)
• Occipital bone
• Lacrimal bones (2)
• Temporal bones (2)
• Nasal bones (2)
• Auditory ossicles (6):
• Vomer bone
malleus, incus, stapes
• Maxillae (2)
• Sphenoid bone
• Inferior nasal conchae (2)
• Ethmoid bone
• Mandible
Other axial bones to know
• Vertebrae
• Ribs
• C1 to C7
• True (vertebrosternal)
• C1: atlas
• False
• C2: axis
• vertebrochondral
• C7: vertebra prominens
• vertebral (floating)
• T1 to T12
• L1 to L5
• Sacrum
• Coccyx
Focus on structures unless lecture covered function as well.
Other axial features to know:
• Foramen magnum
• Hard palate
• Infraorbital foramen
• Mastoid process
• Mental foramen
A final note on the axial skeleton
• Lab manual, page 133:
“The spinal cord ends at the superior edge of L2, but
the outer covering of the cord, filled with
cerebrospinal fluid, extends an appreciable distance
beyond.”
How might this info be useful clinically?
1. Lumbar puncture: get CSF to see about infection (meningitis)
2. Anaesthesia: straight into CSF (vs. epidural)
L3-L4 is safer (avoids spinal cord)
Transition between axial & appendicular
Lab manual, Figure 10.6a
skeleton: the pelvis!
(again: sacrum & coccyx is axial; everything else = hip bones = pelvic
girdle = coxal bones)
Ilium, ischium, pubis, pubic symphysis, iliac crest. Know these!
Male Pelvis versus Female Pelvis
• What are the female’s unique “needs”?
• Give birth!
• Carry fetus while growing!
Lab manual, Table 10.1
Anterior: Pubic arch (large
angle in female), pelvic brim
wider, more flared pelvic
girdle
(smaller acetatabula – smaller
bones)
From left side:
More posterior coccyx
Wider pelvic outlet, less
protrusion of coccyx
Tangent: How do males and females develop differently?
(How do genetic differences lead to physiological differences?)
Less-than-perfect accuracy:
• Complex traits are not coded for by single
genes (or clusters of genes in one area)
• Male chromosome is not just a chromosome
missing “girl genes”
• Each chromosome stores hundreds to
thousands of genes (in reality)
•
http://ivebecomemyparents.com/2011/09/18/
Testis-Determining Factor (TDF)
immature
gonad
Y chromosome
containing TDF gene
Turns on expression of other
genes that cause gonad to
develop as testes
Testes make testosterone
Testosterone leads to male
traits (such as male pelvis)
Note: Y chromosome with
mutated TDF => female!
(beware, Olympic judges!
No Y chromosome
(no TDF gene)
Gonad develops into
ovaries
Ovaries produce
(mostly) estrogen,
progesterone =>
“female” traits
Bone projections revisited
(textbook Chapter 6, lab manual Exercise 8)
• 2 basic functions of projections?
- Surfaces for muscle/ligament attachment
- Help form joints (articulations)
Vertebra: note “levers” where muscles attach!
Lab manual: Review Sheet 9 and Figure 10.7
Appendicular Skeleton
• Components that you need to know:
• Pectoral girdle: clavicle, scapula
• Upper limb: humerus, radius, ulna, carpals (8),
metacarpals (5), phalanges (3 per digit except
thumb)
• Pelvic girdle: see previous slide: pubis, ilium,
ischium
• Lower limb: femur, petalla, tibia, fibula, tarsals (7:
talus, calcaneus – know these specifically!),
metatarsals, phalanges
Other appendicular structures/markings to
know
• Acromion
• Anterior border of tibia
• Iliac crest
• Lateral malleolus
• Medial malleolus
• Olecranon
• Pubic arch
• Pubic symphysis
Bones of the arm and leg
Bones of the arm and leg, from proximal to distal:
Sing along with Doctor Greg, and shoot ‘em off like a pistol!
An arm has 1 humerus, 1 ulna, and, thicker toward the wrist, 1 radius;
8 carpals, 5 metacarpals, 14 phalanges (these are not the weightiest!).
Bones of the arm and leg, from proximal to distal:
Sing along with Doctor Greg, and shoot ‘em off like a pistol!
A leg has 1 femur, 1 patella, 1 fibula, and 1 larger tibia;
7 tarsals, 5 metatarsals, 14 phalanges (I’m not ribbin’ ya!).
Bones of the arm and leg, from proximal to distal:
Sing along with Doctor Greg, and shoot ‘em off like a pistol! [Bang!]
Bones of the Arm and Leg
Melody playback:
http://www.noteflight.com/scores/view/f72a6c039c165051b09a049368bdf66e3f5fab2f
Skeleton Worksheet
What was hard here?
Tibia/fibula
Ischium
Metatarsals vs. phalanges
Articulations … also known as Joints
(textbook Chapter 9 / lab manual Exercise 11)
Why are joints useful?
Flexibility – some parts of skeleton need to move relative to
other parts.
Independence – good to have some parts of skeleton isolated
from others, at least partly.
Developmentally, good to have separate bones (?) that can
grow together.
STRUCTURAL Classification of Joints
• Cartilaginous: contain (fibro)cartilage!
• Fibrous: contain fibrous (collagen-rich) material (e.g.,
ligament)
• Synovial: see below! (contain synovial fluid in cavities)
Recall Figure 4-16d from 10th Martini (type of tissue membranes):
Hyaline cartilage
Synovial fluid
Capsule
Capillary
Adipocytes
Areolar connective tissue
Synovial
membrane
Epithelial cells
(simple squamous)
STRUCTURAL Classification of Joints:
Cartilaginous, Fibrous, or Synovial?
Elbow = synovial
sternum = cartilaginous
fibrous
Intervertebral discs and pubic symph. = (fibro)cartilaginous
Lab manual,
Figure 11.1
synovial
fibrous
FUNCTIONAL Classification of joints
(How much can they move?)
• Synarthroses: can’t move!
• Cartilaginous, Fibrous
• Amphiarthroses: can move a little!
• Cartilaginous, Fibrous
• Diarthroses: can move more than a little!
• All synovial joints are here!
Simple Model of Joint Motion
10th Martini: Figure 9-2
angular
linear
rotation
circumduction
Joint Movement: 3 Axes of Motion
Not all joints can move in all 3 axes, though…..
10th Martini: Figure 9-2
Classification of Synovial Joints
Ball and socket: 3!
Saddle: 2
Hinge: 1
Pivot: 1
10th Martini: Figure 9-2
Condylar: 2
Gliding/Plane: 0-2
(but not much movement)
Animations of movement: http://faculty.stcc.edu/AandP/AP/AP1pages/Units5to9/joints/synovial.htm
What are the differences?
• Condylar versus Ball-and-Socket:
• Condylar versus Saddle:
Name that joint type!
(HIP)
Ball & socket
Saddle joint
(not synovial)
Cartilaginous
Synovial joints’ accessory structures
10th Martini: Figure 9-1b
Tendon: joins bone to muscle
Bursa: lubricating body
(fluid-filled)
Fat pad
Meniscus: (C-shaped)
fibrocartilage, lateral
& meniscus)
Extracapsular
ligament (patellar)
Intracapsular ligament
(cruciate)
(Anterior & Posterior)
Synovial joint trade-off: mobility versus stability
• What can make joints more stable (but less mobile?)
• Cartilaginous or fibrous (not synovial)
• Numerous and/or strong ligaments
• Presence of other nearby bones, tendons, fat pads
stabilizes/restricts the motion
• Deep sockets (hip, vs. shoulder, which is shallow)
• Thickness/strength of synovial capsule
•
Joint problems (from lab manual + textbook)
Name
Problem
Treatment
Sprain
Tearing/stretching
ligament (and tendon?)
RICE (Rest*, Ice,
Compression,
Elevation) / MICE
Bone out of place
Put it back! (have a pro
do this)
Dislocation
Wear and tear, loss of
Osteoarthritis cartilage protecting bones
Arthritis
= joint Rheumatoid
arthritis
inflam
mation
Gouty
arthritis
Autoimmune – joints are
attacked by immune
system
Crystals (of uric acid) build
up in synovial fluid
Anti-inflammatory meds;
Joint replacement surgery
(e.g, James’ femuracetabulum problem …
steel ball into steel cup!)
Exercise??? (see next
slide)
Worksheet: Exercise for arthritis?
• Reasons against?
• Don’t want to make inflammation worse.
• Reasons for?
• Don’t sit and get rusty like an old car! (Use it or lose it!)
Muscles will lose fitness, etc.
• Stimulate more blood flow to damaged area.
• Can still exercise without stressing the joint much
(e.g., swimming).
• Keep weight down to reduce stress on weight-bearing
joints.
Bulging disc vs. herniated disc? (worksheet)
• (Clinical Case from Martini textbook)
• Hernia = protrusion outside of normal area; here,
nucleus pulposus penetrates annulus fibrosis
(harder outer covering)
• Bulging disc = no rupture
• BOTH can impinge upon nerves (pain, numbness,
etc.)
• most often a problem at lumbar level
• POSTERIOR protrusions will affect spinal nerves
Synovial joints:
Triaxial, Biaxial, Monoaxial, or Nonaxial
Students rap the red underlined words.
Tri, bi, mono, non! How many axes of movement are in this joint?
Tri, bi, mono, non! Synovial classification is this song’s point!
There’s pivot, hinge, and plane: their movement’s quite constrained!
There’s condylar and saddle: two axes now are straddled!
And last, there’s ball and socket: three axes in its pocket!
Whoa-oh-oh-oh... Three, two, one, zero!
Tri, bi, mono, non! How many axes of movement are in this joint?
Tri, bi, mono, non! Synovial classification is this song’s point!
It’s this song’s point!
[etc.]
Melody playback:
http://www.noteflight.com/scores/view/7f332978abe76d46b31078f06a6718f66270b152
Lab Exercise 11: key points
• Reasons for relative stability of hip, knee, and
shoulder joints (see Review Sheet)
• Movements:
• flexion/extension
• abduction/adduction
• rotation vs. circumduction
• pronation/supination
• dorsiflexion/plantar flexion
• inversion/eversion
Lab Exercise 11: key points (continued)
•
Joint names to recognize (most should be straightforward)
•
Temporomandibular
•
Intercarpal
•
Atlantooccipital
•
Carpometacarpal
•
Atlantoaxial
•
Metacarpophalangeal
•
Intervertebral
•
Interphalangeal
•
Costovertebral
•
Sacroiliac
•
Sternoclavicular
•
Tibiofemoral
•
Sternocostal
•
Femoropatellar
•
Acromioclavicular
•
Tibiofibular (superior and inferior)
•
Glenohumeral
•
Intertarsal
•
Tarsometatarsal
•
Metatarsophalangeal
•
Radioulnar (proximal and distal)