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SPLANCHNOLOGY INTRODUCTION THE ALIMENTARY SYSTEM THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM THE URINARY SYSTEM THE GENITAL SYSTEM THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM INTRODUCTION A. Viscera: 1. Alimentary (digestive) system 2. Respiratory system 3. Urinary system 4. Genital (reproductive) system 5. Endocrine system B. Functions: 1. To fulfill the metabolism 2. Maintain the life of the species General Structure of the Viscera 1. The tubular viscus 1) mucous membrane (mucosa) 2) submucosa 3) muscular coats 4) adventitia (serosa) General Structure of the Viscera 2. The parenchymatous organ hilum (porta) The Reference Line of the Thorax anterior median line sternal line parasternal line midclavicular line The Reference Line of the Thorax anterior axillary line middle axillary line posterior axillary line The Reference Line of the Thorax scapular line posterior median line The Abdominal Regions Subcostal, Transtubercular, Midclavicular Planes Rt. hypochon- Epigastric driac region region Lt hypochondriac region Umbilical Right lateral Region region Left lateral region Hypogastric Right iliac (Pubic) region region Left iliac region Median, Transumbilical Planes ALIMENTARY (DIGESTIVE ) SYSTEM Oral cavity-pharynx-esophagusstomach-duodenum-jejunumIleum-cecum-colon-rectum-anal canal A. Division 1. Alimentary canal : 1) upper alimentary canal: mouth to duodenum 2) lower alimentary canal jejunum to anus 10 ALIMENTARY (DIGESTIVE ) SYSTEM 2. The alimentary glands: salivary glands liver pancreas B. Functions 1. ingestion of food 2. absorption of the nutrient components (proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water) 3. defecation : the elimination of indigestible substances from the body via the anus in the form of feces. Respiratory System Respiratory System • Consists of an upper respiratory tract (nose to larynx) and a lower respiratory tract ( trachea onwards) . • Conducting portion transports air. - includes the nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and progressively smaller airways, from the primary bronchi to the terminal bronchioles • Respiratory portion carries out gas exchange. - composed of small airways called respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts as well as air sacs called alveoli Respiratory Zone of Lower Respiratory Tract Respiratory System Functions 1. supplies the body with oxygen and disposes of carbon dioxide 2. filters inspired air 3. produces sound 4. contains receptors for smell 5. rids the body of some excess water and heat 6. helps regulate blood pH Head Region Cervical Region Thoracic Region The Skull • Formed by cranial and facial bones Figure 7.2a Inferior Aspect of the Skull Figure 7.4a Lateral Aspect of the Skull Figure 7.3a The Temporal Bone Figure 7.5 Bones in Cervical Region external acoustic meatus Hyoid bone temmporal mandibular joint Bones in Cervical Region Surface Landmark Hyhoid(H) Thyroid cartilage(T) Laryngeal prominence(P) Cricoid cartilage (C) The first tracheal ringe(1) Isthmus(S) The Head Neck and Thorax Vertebrae (C1-C7), Hyoid Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, Occipital, Bone, Ribs and their Sphenoid, Ethmoid, Lacrimal, Vomer, Cartilages, Sternum, Maxilla, Zygomatic, Nasal, Mandible, clavicle, Thoracic Vertibrae Inferior Concha (T1-T12), Scapular, Manubrium-body-xiphoid Mastoid Process, Styloid Process, process. Zygomatic Arch, Piriform Aperture, For the first rib, find groove Nasal Septum, Nasal Conchae, Hard for subclavian vein, sclene Palate, alveolar arch, Posterior Nasal tubercle and groove for Aperture subclavian artery The Head Oral cavity, Nasal cavity, Pharynx, Larynx Nose • External nares - opening to exterior • Internal nares - opening to pharynx • Nasal conchae - folds in the mucous membrane that increase air turbulence and ensures that most air contacts the mucous membranes Nose rich supply of capillaries warm the inspired air • olfactory mucosa – mucous membranes that contain smell receptors • respiratory mucosa – pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium containing goblet cells that secrete mucus which traps inhaled particles, • lysozyme kills bacteria and lymphocytes and • IgA antibodies that protect against bacteria Nose provides an airway for respiration moistens and warms entering air filters and cleans inspired air resonating chamber for speech detects odors in the air stream Paranasal sinuses Ethmoid, Frontal, Maxillary, Sphenoid Paranasal Sinuses • Four bones of the skull contain paired air spaces called the paranasal sinuses - frontal, ethmoidal, sphenoidal, maxillary • Decrease skull bone weight • Warm, moisten and filter incoming air • Add resonance to voice. • Communicate with the nasal cavity by ducts. • Lined by pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium. Opening of Paranasal Sinuses Superior, Middle and Inferior Conchae; Spheno-ethmoidal recess; superior, middle and inferior meatuses; Sphenoid-posterior ethmoidal-frontal, middle ethmoidal and maxillary-nasolarimal duct Oral cavity: oral vestibule and oral cavity proper A. The Oral Vestibule 1. Oral lips: 1) upper lip : philtrum (first aid acupoint ) frenulum of upper lip 2) lower lip frenulum of lower lip 2. Nasolabial sulcus 3. Cheek 38 The Oral Cavity Proper 1. The palate 1) hard palate 2) soft palate a. uvula b. palatine velum c. palatoglossal arch d. palatopharyngeal arch e. isthmus of fauces 39 The Oral Cavity Proper 2. The teeth Composition a. crown of tooth b. neck of tooth c. root of tooth d. dental cavity (pulp cavity) e. root canal 40 3 molars, 2 premolars, 1 canine and 2 incisors; Crown, Neck and Root; Pulp Cavity, root cana and apical foramen; Dentine, enamel and cement. The Oral Cavity Proper Classification of the teeth a. deciduous teeth 20 Eruption : from 6th to 24 m. b. permanent teeth 32 Eruption : from 6th to 20 yrs. 42 The Oral Cavity Proper The tongue 1) Division a. apex of tongue b. body of tongue c. root of tongue d. dorsum of tongue i. terminal sulcus ii. foramen cecum of tongue 43 The Oral Cavity Proper 2) Lingual mucous membrane a. papillae of tongue i. filiform papillae touch ii. fungiform papillae taste iii. foliate papillae taste iv. vallate papillae taste 44 Motor supply: XII General Sensation: V and IX Special Sensation: VII and IX; a smaller posterior region by X Sweet, Salty, Sour and bitter The Oral Cavity Proper b. lingual tonsil c. septum of tongue d. frenulum of tongue 46 The Oral Cavity Proper Muscles of tongue a. extrinsic muscles i. Genioglossus ii. Hyoglossus iii. Styloglossus iv. Palatoglossus 47 The Oral Cavity Proper b. proper (intrinsic) muscles i. superior longitudinal m. ii. inferior longitudinal m. iii. transverse m. of tongue iv. vertical m. of tongue 48 The Oral Cavity Proper The oral glands 1) Major salivary glands a. parotid gland : only serous cells. parotid duct oral vestibule next to the upper M2 49 The Oral Cavity Proper b. sublingual gland : mostly mucous cells 10 – 12 ducts sublingual fold c. submandibular gland duct base of sublingual frenulum 50 The Oral Cavity Proper 2) Minor salivary glands i. palatine gland ii. buccal gland iii. labial gland iv. lingual gland 51 The Pharynx The Pharynx A. Division 1. Nasopharynx 1) pharyngeal opening of auditory tube 2) tubal torus 3) pharyngeal recess 53 The Pharynx 2. Oropharynx 1) palatine tonsil 2) tonsillar sinus 54 The Pharynx 3. Laryngopharynx 1) piriform recess 2) aperture of larynx 55 Openings of paranasal sinuses Isthmus of fauces Tonsillar Ring Opening of 3 major salivary glands Communications of Pharynx and nasal cavity, oral cavity and larynx Uvula and epiglottis