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Ch.19 SW Asia 1500-1750, Three
Muslim Empires
Main Idea
Details
The Ottoman
Empire to 1750
•Longest lasting of the post-Mongol Muslim
Empire. Founded around 1300 and lasting
until the end of WWI (1919)
•Periods of change and problems reveal
problems of all large land-based empires.
Expansion and
Frontiers
Empire grew because of:
1) founder Osman
2) strategic link between Europe and Asia
3) cavalry and gunpowder based military
•First conquered Greece, the Balkans and
Constantinople in 1453 ending the Byzantine
empire and renaming the city Istanbul.
Notemaking
Main Idea
Details
Rule
• The sultan presided over the empire and
pashas administered and collected taxes in
the provinces. Grand Vizier advised the
sultan.
• Suleiman the Magnificent (r. 1520-66) was
greatest ruler and known as the “lawgiver.”
Known as the “golden age” of empire.
Military
• Acquired slave soldiers from Christian
territories in the Balkans, called janissaries.
Since they were Christian they didn’t have a
problem attacking other Muslims. Since they
didn’t have a culture of riding horseback and
bowmanship they readily adopted firearms
and fighting on foot.
•Devshirme (selection) was the system of
imposing a levy of young boys from the
Balkans and training them to become
janissaries, military commanders and
government officials as high as the grand
Notemaking
Main Idea
Details
Society
cosmopolitan
•Jews and Muslims expelled from Spain after 1492
sought refuge in Ottoman territory.
• Sultan saw his role as providing justice and military
protection for his “raya” (flock of sheep).
•In late 1500s, an influx of silver from the Americas
caused high inflation and hardship to those living on
fixed government income and led to frequent revolts.
•Coffee from the Arabian port of Mocha became the
rage and later spread to Europe.
•After 1650 the sultan lived in his palace and had little
contact with the outside world. Grand vizier and
janissaries gained increased power. Land grants in
exchange for military service disappeared.
•The “Tulip Period” (1718-1730) began a craze for
high priced tulip bulbs from Holland. The elite had
European tastes in clothing, furniture and books.
•Majority of Balkans converted to Islam
•Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab began a
conservative form of Islam in Arab known as
“Wahabbism”
Economics
Religion
Notemaking
Main Idea
Details
Notemaking
The Safavid
Empire
1502-1722
•Land based Shi’ite muslim empire based in Iran.
•Shah Ismail founded the empire in 1502 and declared
it Shi’ite. Iran became a truly separate country
surrounded by Sunni muslim neighbors.
•Founders known as “redheads” because of their
distinctive turbans.
•Chief rival of the Ottoman empire.
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Society and
Religion
•Persian emerged as the second language of Islam.
the post-Mongol period was filled with artistic
creativity seen in turquoise mosaics in mosques.
•Madrasas trained the ulama to interpret the shari’a.
•Shi’ites believe in “the Hidden Imam” (idea that the
12th descendant of Ali disappeared and will one day
return to rule Islam).
•The ulama hold independent and important political
power in Iran.
•The martyrdom of Husayn is remembered by large
processions in the streets of self-flagellating men.
Main Idea
Details
Notemaking
Isfahan and
Istanbul
•Shah Abbas “the great”declared Isfahan the capital of Iran
in 1598.
•Isfahan was land locked and not frequently visited by
Europeans as opposed to Istanbul. Istanbul was more
cosmopolitan.
•Both lacked wheeled vehicles and both were built for
walking. Both lacked wide open spaces and had irregular
narrow streets.
•Women were seldom seen in public. The harem
(forbidden area) were the women’s area of the house.
•Both men and women dressed modestly covering up
most of their bodies and hair.
•Despite official disapproval, homosexuality between
older men and younger boys was not unusual nor hidden.
•Carpets and silk fabrics were main export
•In the late 1600s, inflation from the influx of silver spread
into Iran and the silk monopoly was mismanaged after
Shah Abbas’ death.
•Like Ottomans, lacked a powerful navy, relied on Christian
convert slave corps to adopt guns but had problems
paying military forces and government officials due to
inflation and the empire collapsed in 1722 when the
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Economics
Military
Main Idea
Details
Notemaking
The Mughal
Empire
1526-1761
•Mughal sultans reigned over largely Hindu population of
India, distinct from largely muslim Ottoman and Safavid
populations. Had to find co-existence between ancient
Hindu practices and Islam.
•Babur (1483-1530) founded the empire, a descendent of
the Mongol ruler Timur in Afghanistan. “Mughal” is
persian for “Mongol” .
•Akbar “the Great” expanded empire to the southern tip
of India and promoted Hindu-Muslim coexistence, even
marrying a Hindu princess. Possibly ruled the wealthiest
empire of the 16th century due to the cotton trade.
•lacked a powerful navy. Used Dutch and English trade
ships for military support in exchange for trade privileges.
•Rajputs were Hindu princes who held positions of power
in Mughal government.
•The Taj Mahal is an architectural example of the blending
of Hindu and Muslim culture.
•Urdu is the blending of Persian and Hindu language.
•Lower social castes converted to Islam
•Sikhism founded by Nanak blended Hindu and Muslim
beliefs and had an “army of the pure” who didn’t cut hair,
wore turbans and bracelets, and carried sword to prove
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Politics
Society
Religion
Main Idea
Details
Notemaking
Ottoman,
Safavid, and
Mughal
Decline
•All three Muslim empires collapsed due to their inability
to adjust to complex changes in military technology and
the global economy.
•Europeans had advantage due to ship design, use of the
cannon on ships, and joint-stock companies allowed for
efficiency and flexiblity in adapting to new global financial
system.
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New Trade
Empires in
the East
•the Portuguese took over previously Muslim controlled
trade zones along the Swahili coast of Africa.
•The Dutch emerged as a new global trade power and
took over Portuguese controlled areas of Java and the East
Indies.
The Taj Mahal
Persian Carpet
Persian Mosque
Janissaries
Ottoman Empire
Gunpowder Empires
Sikh guy
South Park Sikh