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MASTERING — THE — GEORGIA — 7TH GRADE CRCT — IN — SCIENCE Classification / Dichotomous Key Grouping similar things together is called classifying; Scientists classify things to make them easier to study, observe and write about. A dichotomous key is a series of paired choices that eventually identifies the plant, animal, or object. Six Kingdoms Prokaryotes (bacteria) are microscopic unicellular organisms that have a few organelles and no nucleus Eubacteria & Archaebacteria Eukaryotes include both unicellular and multicellular organisms that have a nucleus Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. Did King Phil Come Over For Good Spaghetti = Domain-Kingdom-Phylum-Class-Order-Family-Genus-Species Carl Linnaeus — Scientific Name = Genus + Species Domain Prokaryotes Eukaryotes THE SIX KINGDOMS Kingdom Basic Characteristic Eubacteria Unicellular, found everywhere Archaebacteria Live without oxygen, get their energy from inorganic matter of light, found in extreme habitats Protista Unicellular or multicellular, true nucleus Fungi multicellular, food from dead organisms, cannot move Plantae multicellular, cannot move, make their own food, cell walls Animalia multicellular, moves about, depends on others for food CELLS & GENETICS Cells & Cellular Transport Characteristics Of Life - - (1) Cells (2) Sensitivity – respond to stimuli in the environment (3) Growth (4) Homeostasis – stable internal environment (5) Reproduction (6) Metabolism – transformation and use of energy (7) Adaptation Cell Theory - - All living things are made of cells; All cells come from other living cells of the same kind; Cells are the basic unit of all living things. Transport - - Passive Transport – Diffusion & Osmosis ; Active Transport – Exocytosis & Endocytosis Cellular Parts Basic Cell Structure - - Cell Membrane, Cytoplasm, Genetic Material (DNA) Types of Cells - - Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells = Bacteria vs. Plant & Animal Parts of the Cell . . . Cell Membrane, Nucleus, Cytoplasm, Chloroplasts, Mitochondria - - Relate cell structures to basic cell functions. Cellular Hierarchy Cells Tissues Organs Organ Systems Organism Cellular Needs Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration - - Explain that tissues, organs and organ systems serve the needs cells have for oxygen, food and waste removal. The Human Body Homeostasis is the process of maintaining a fairly constant internal environment despite changing conditions; how we “regulate ourselves”. Explain the purpose of the major organ systems in the human body . . . System Circulatory Digestive Major Parts and Organs heart, veins, arteries, capillaries, blood tongue, teeth, salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, pancreas, liver, gall bladder, small intestine, large intestine skull, spine, sternum, ribs, humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, Skeletal phalanges, pelvis, femur, tibia, fibula, tarsals and metatarsals nose, trachea, bronchial tubes, lungs, alveoli and diaphragm Respiratory involuntary (smooth), heart and voluntary (striated) Muscular brain (cerebrum, medulla, cerebellum), spinal cord and nerve cells Nervous kidney, blood vessels, bladder, ureter, urethra, skin and sweat glands Excretory Reproductive male and female Genetics & Chromosomes The parent organism is the organism from which the genetic material for an offspring originated. Explain the role of genes and chromosomes in the process of inheriting a specific trait. Sexual & Asexual Reproduction The Cell Cycle = Interphase + Mitosis (PMAT) + Cytokinesis Mitosis (cell division) type of cellular reproduction used by somatic cells = two cells with the same number of chromosomes (24) ; Meiosis limited to the reproductive cells (sperm & egg) = four reproductive cells with half the number of chromosomes (23). Asexual One parent + offspring are genetically identical (same as parent) = spores, budding, binary fission ; Sexual Two parents + offspring are diverse/different (blend or mixture of both parents) = pollination using spores, flowers, seeds and fruits to produce offspring of the species. Getting Desired Traits Humans use selective breeding to pass along desired traits to future generations . . . . inbreeding, hybridization, mutation (cloning) Genetic engineering is the laboratory procedure in which genes from one organism are inserted into another. INTERDEPENDENCE OF LIFE : ECOLOGY Food Webs Matter Food Chain = sun + producer + herbivore + omnivore + carnivore + decomposer The producers of an ecosystem use abiotic (non living) factors to obtain and store energy for themselves or consumers that eat them - - trees, bushes, shrubs, small plants, grass and moss. The consumers are members of the ecosystem that depend on other members for food - - herbivore, omnivore, carnivore, scavengers and decomposers. The interaction of many food chains is a food web. Transfer of Energy Energy Flow - - energy pyramid explain in a food web that sunlight is a source of energy and that this energy moves from organisms to organism. Environment & Organisms Population Dynamics - - growth rate, carrying capacity Population Size & Limiting Factors Changed Environmental Conditions . . . Organism Relationships Each organism in an ecosystem interrelates with the other members: symbiosis, competition or predation . . . mutualism, commensalism and parasitism. Earth’s Biomes Describe the characteristics of Earth’s major terrestrial biomes and aquatic communities. Ecological Organization - - Biosphere—Biome—Ecosystem—Community— Population—Individual Organism Biomes - - tropical rain forest, grasslands (prairie & savannah), taiga, tundra, deciduous forest, coniferous forest and dessert EVOLUTION Physical Change Darwin’s Finches - - Explain that physical characteristics of organism have changed over successive generations. The process through which organisms change over time is called adaptation. Thousands of adaptations lead to the process of evolution. Natural Selection How Evolution Happens - - Describe ways in which species on earth have evolved due to natural selection. Fossil Record The fossil record refers to all fossils that have been found since the study of fossils began - - Explain how the fossil record found in sedimentary rock provides evidence for the long history of changing life forms.