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Chapter 4: Tissues and Membranes Theory Lecture Outline Objectives 1. List the four main types of tissues 2. Define the function and location of tissues 3. Define the function and location of membranes 4. Define an organ and organ system 5. Relate various organs to their respective systems 6. Describe the processes involved in the two types of tissue repair 7. Describe the process of granulation 8. Define the key words that relate to this chapter Introduction Multicellular organisms are composed of many different types of cells. Each of these cells performs a special function. These millions of cells are grouped according to their similarity in shape, size, structure, intercellular materials and function. Cells so grouped are called tissues. Tissues • Tissues are groups of cells A tissue is a group of cells that have similar structure and that function together as a unit. Four main tissue types are found in the body. • Tissue types a. Epithelial tissue Tissue that protects the body by covering internal and external surfaces b. Connective tissue Connects organs and tissue allowing for movement and provides support for other types of tissue c. Muscle tissue Contains cell material which has the ability to contract and move the body d. Nervous tissue Contains cells that react to stimuli and conduct an impulse Epithelial Tissue Table 4-1 Epithelial tissues are widespread throughout the body. They form the covering of all body surfaces, line body cavities and hollow organs, and are the major tissue in glands. They perform a variety of functions that include protection, secretion (digestive juices, hormones, perspiration), regulation of materials across themselves (absorption, excretion, filtration, diffusion) and sensory reception. • Classification of epithelia Epithelia are classified according to cell shape and the number of layers in the tissue a. Squamous epithelial cells b. Cuboidal epithelial cells c. Columnar epithelial cells d. Endocrine gland cells e. Exocrine gland cells • Functions a. Covering and lining tissue 1. Squamous 2. Cuboidal 3. Columnar b. Glandular or secretory tissue 1. Endocrine 2. Exocrine Ann Senisi Scott & Elizabeth Fong: Body Structures & Functions 11th Edition Connective Tissue Adipose Table 4-1 Connective tissues bind structures together, form a framework and support for organs and the body as a whole, store fat, transport substances, protect against disease and help repair tissue damage; they occur throughout the body. Connective tissues are characterized by an abundance of intercellular matrix with relatively few cells. Connective tissue cells are able to reproduce but not as rapidly as epithelial cells. • Classification of connective tissue a. Adipose tissue d. Supportive tissue b. Areolar (loose) tissue e. Vascular (liquid blood tissue) c. Dense fibrous tissue • Functions a. Adipose tissue 1. Stores lipid 2. Acts as filler tissue 3. Cushions, supports, and insulates the body b. Areolar (loose) tissue 1. Surrounds various organs and supports both nerve cells and blood vessels which transport nutrient materials (to cells) and waste (away from cells) 2. Fibers embedded in areolar tissue include: o Elastin tissue o Collagen c. Dense fibrous tissue Types of dense fibrous tissue include: 1. Ligaments Hold bones firmly together at the joints 2. Tendons Attach skeletal muscles to the bones 3. Aponeuroses 4. Fasciae d. Supportive tissue 1. Osseous (bone) tissue Comprises the skeleton of the body, which supports and protects underlying soft tissue parts and organs and also serves as attachments for skeletal muscles 2. Cartilage o Hyaline o Fibrocartilage o Elastic cartilage e. Vascular (liquid blood tissue) tissue 1. Blood 2. Lymph Muscle Tissue Table 4-1 • Cardiac Involuntary muscle • Skeletal (striated voluntary) Voluntary muscle • Smooth (nonstriated involuntary) Involuntary muscle Nervous Tissue Table 4-1 • Neurons (nerve cells) a. Irritability Ability of nerve tissue to respond to environmental changes Ann Senisi Scott & Elizabeth Fong: Body Structures & Functions 11th Edition b. Conductivity Ability to carry a nerve impulse (message) Effects of Aging on Tissue Aging changes are found in all of the body’s cells, tissues and organs and, in turn, effect the functioning of the body systems. • Cells become larger and less able to divide and reproduce • Increase in pigments and lipids inside cell • Waste products accumulate in the tissue o Cell membranes change and carbon dioxide and wastes have difficulty getting out • Connective tissue becomes progressively stiff • Many tissues lose mass and atrophy Membranes • Two thin layers of tissue together form a membrane • Membrane classification a. Epithelial membranes b. Connective membranes Epithelial Membranes Two types or classifications – mucous or serous membranes • Mucous membranes Mucous membranes line surfaces and spaces that lead to the outside of the body (respiratory, digestive, reproductive and urinary) and produce a substance called mucus which lubricates and protects the lining a. Respiratory mucosa (lines the respiratory passages) b. Gastric mucosa (lines the stomach) c. Intestinal mucosa (lines the small and large intestines) • Serous membranes (parietal and visceral) The serous membrane is a double-walled membrane lining closed body cavities that produces a watery fluid that allows the organs to move freely and prevents friction a. Parietal membrane – outer part of the membrane that lines the cavity b. Visceral membrane – part that covers the organs within c. Types 1. Pleural membrane (lines the thoracic or chest cavity & protects the lungs) 2. Pericardial membrane (lines the heart cavity & protects the heart) 3. Peritoneal membrane (lines the abdominal cavity & protects abdominal organs) Connective Membranes Connective membranes consist of two layers of connective tissue • Type or Classification o Synovial membrane 1. Lines joint cavities 2. Secrete synovial fluid which prevents friction inside the joint cavity Organs • An organ is tissues grouped together to form a specific function i.e. the stomach consists of vascular, connective, epithelial, muscular and nerve tissues • Organs coordinate their activities to form a complete functional organism • Organ system o Group of organs that act together to perform a specific, related function Ann Senisi Scott & Elizabeth Fong: Body Structures & Functions 11th Edition Organ Systems The human body has 10 organ systems; together they coordinate their functions to form a whole, live, functioning organism • Skeletal • Excretory • Muscular • Nervous • Digestive • Endocrine • Respiratory • Reproductive • Circulatory • Integumentary Ann Senisi Scott & Elizabeth Fong: Body Structures & Functions 11th Edition