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Body Structures & Functions
Cells & Tissues Ch. 3 & 4
Name: ________________________________ Date: ______________ Class: ______________
Cells
The cell is the basic unit of ___________ and function of all living things (trillion of cells in body).
Cell or plasma membrane
The outer protective covering of the cell and allows certain substances to enter and
leave the cell while ______________ the passage of other substances
Nucleus
“Brain” of the cell, and controls many cell activities.
The “BRAIN” of the cell
Most ___________ organelle within the cell
Function
Control the activities of the cell and _______ cell division
DNA and chromatin
Chromosomes
Functions of Organelles
Nuclear membrane or nuclear envelope
Regulates transport of substances into and out of the cell
Nucleoplasm
A clear, semi-liquid ________ that fills the spaces around the chromatin and the nucleoli
Nucleolus
Reservoir for RNA
Ribosomes
Serve as site for protein synthesis
Cytoplasm
Provides an ________ watery environment where life functions take place via the
activities of the organelles, which reside there
Centrosome
Body Structures & Functions
Cells & Tissues Ch. 3 & 4
__________ two centrioles that are functional during animal cell division
Endoplasmic reticulum
Provides passage for the ___________ of substances in the cytoplasm
Mitochondria
Serve as sites of cellular respiration and energy production
Store ATP
Golgi apparatus
Manufactures ____________ and packages secretions for discharge from the cell
Lysosomes
Serve as center for cellular digestion
Perioxisomes
Enzymes that oxidize cell substances
Cytoskeleton
Forms internal _____________
Pinocytic vesicles
Provide mechanism by which large molecules can enter the cell
Cilia and flagella
Create movement
Aging
Aging is a phase of normal development
Older person may have 30% fewer cells
Cells may change in ability to perform specialized tasks
______________ changes are universal and progressive
Aging is not a disease
Disorders of Cell Structure
Atrophy
Hypertrophy
Hyperplasia
Metaplasia
Body Structures & Functions
Cells & Tissues Ch. 3 & 4
Dysplasia
Neoplasia
Tumor
When cell _______________ does not occur in the usual pattern
Also called neoplasms
Benign tumors
Malignant tumors
Tissues
Tissues are groups of cells
Tissues are cells of the SAME type joined together for a common purpose that include:
Epithelial, Muscle, Nervous, and Connective.
_________________ tissue
Connective tissue
________________ tissue
Nervous tissue
Epithelial Tissue - Covering and Lining
Tissue that covers the surface of body and lining of intestinal, respiratory, urinary tract and
forms thin sheets, not very strong. Also functions as protection, for example skin.
________________ epithelial cells
Cuboidal epithelial cells
Columnar _____________ cells
Epithelial Tissue - Glandular and Secretory
Endocrine gland cells
Exocrine gland cells
Connective Tissue - Adipose
Stores lipid
Acts as filler tissue
Cushions, supports, and insulates the body
______________ Tissue - Areolar (Loose)
Body Structures & Functions
Cells & Tissues Ch. 3 & 4
Elastin tissue
Collagen
Connective Tissue - Dense Fibrous
Ligaments
____________________
Aponeuroses
Fasciae
Connective Tissue - Supportive
Osseous (bone) tissue
Cartilage
Hyaline
Fibrocartilage
Elastic cartilage
Connective Tissue - Vascular (Liquid Blood Tissue)
Blood
Lymph
Muscle Tissue
______________________
Skeletal (striated voluntary)
Smooth (nonstriated involuntary)
Nervous Tissue
Irritability
Conductivity
Effects of Aging on Tissue
Cells become larger and less able to divide and reproduce
Increase in pigments and lipids inside cells
Waste products accumulate in the tissue
Cell membranes change and carbon dioxide and wastes have difficulty getting out
Lipofusion collects
Body Structures & Functions
Cells & Tissues Ch. 3 & 4
_________________ tissue becomes progressively stiff
Increased difficulty receiving oxygen and nutrients
Many tissues lose mass and atrophy
Membranes
Two thin layers of tissue together form a membrane
Epithelial membranes
Connective membranes
Epithelial Membranes
Mucous membranes
Respiratory mucosa
Gastric mucosa
Intestinal mucosa
Serous membranes (parietal and visceral)
Pleural ____________________
Pericardial membrane
Peritoneal membrane
Cutaneous membranes
Connective Membranes
Synovial membrane
Two layers of connective tissue
Lines joint cavities
Secretes synovial fluid, which prevents friction inside the joint cavity
Organs
An organ is tissues grouped together to form a specific function
Organs coordinate their _____________ to form a complete functional organism
Organ system
Body Structures & Functions
Cells & Tissues Ch. 3 & 4
Group of organs that acts together to perform a specific, related function
Organ Systems
1. Skeletal
2. Muscular
3. Digestive
4. Respiratory
5. Cardiovascular
6. Urinary
7. Nervous
8. Endocrine
9. Reproductive
10. Integumentary
11. Lymphatic
Body Systems
Tissue and Organ Transplant
Blood transfusions are an example of a tissue transplant
All transplants (tissue and organs) must be cross-matched so recipient’s immune system will not
attack the donated organ
Body Structures & Functions
Cells & Tissues Ch. 3 & 4
Rejection is main problem in organ transplants
Disease and Injury to Tissue
Infection
Inflammation
Trauma
Abnormal growth of cells
Birth defects