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Body Structures & Functions Cells & Tissues Ch. 3 & 4 Name: ________________________________ Date: ______________ Class: ______________ Cells The cell is the basic unit of ___________ and function of all living things (trillion of cells in body). Cell or plasma membrane The outer protective covering of the cell and allows certain substances to enter and leave the cell while ______________ the passage of other substances Nucleus “Brain” of the cell, and controls many cell activities. The “BRAIN” of the cell Most ___________ organelle within the cell Function Control the activities of the cell and _______ cell division DNA and chromatin Chromosomes Functions of Organelles Nuclear membrane or nuclear envelope Regulates transport of substances into and out of the cell Nucleoplasm A clear, semi-liquid ________ that fills the spaces around the chromatin and the nucleoli Nucleolus Reservoir for RNA Ribosomes Serve as site for protein synthesis Cytoplasm Provides an ________ watery environment where life functions take place via the activities of the organelles, which reside there Centrosome Body Structures & Functions Cells & Tissues Ch. 3 & 4 __________ two centrioles that are functional during animal cell division Endoplasmic reticulum Provides passage for the ___________ of substances in the cytoplasm Mitochondria Serve as sites of cellular respiration and energy production Store ATP Golgi apparatus Manufactures ____________ and packages secretions for discharge from the cell Lysosomes Serve as center for cellular digestion Perioxisomes Enzymes that oxidize cell substances Cytoskeleton Forms internal _____________ Pinocytic vesicles Provide mechanism by which large molecules can enter the cell Cilia and flagella Create movement Aging Aging is a phase of normal development Older person may have 30% fewer cells Cells may change in ability to perform specialized tasks ______________ changes are universal and progressive Aging is not a disease Disorders of Cell Structure Atrophy Hypertrophy Hyperplasia Metaplasia Body Structures & Functions Cells & Tissues Ch. 3 & 4 Dysplasia Neoplasia Tumor When cell _______________ does not occur in the usual pattern Also called neoplasms Benign tumors Malignant tumors Tissues Tissues are groups of cells Tissues are cells of the SAME type joined together for a common purpose that include: Epithelial, Muscle, Nervous, and Connective. _________________ tissue Connective tissue ________________ tissue Nervous tissue Epithelial Tissue - Covering and Lining Tissue that covers the surface of body and lining of intestinal, respiratory, urinary tract and forms thin sheets, not very strong. Also functions as protection, for example skin. ________________ epithelial cells Cuboidal epithelial cells Columnar _____________ cells Epithelial Tissue - Glandular and Secretory Endocrine gland cells Exocrine gland cells Connective Tissue - Adipose Stores lipid Acts as filler tissue Cushions, supports, and insulates the body ______________ Tissue - Areolar (Loose) Body Structures & Functions Cells & Tissues Ch. 3 & 4 Elastin tissue Collagen Connective Tissue - Dense Fibrous Ligaments ____________________ Aponeuroses Fasciae Connective Tissue - Supportive Osseous (bone) tissue Cartilage Hyaline Fibrocartilage Elastic cartilage Connective Tissue - Vascular (Liquid Blood Tissue) Blood Lymph Muscle Tissue ______________________ Skeletal (striated voluntary) Smooth (nonstriated involuntary) Nervous Tissue Irritability Conductivity Effects of Aging on Tissue Cells become larger and less able to divide and reproduce Increase in pigments and lipids inside cells Waste products accumulate in the tissue Cell membranes change and carbon dioxide and wastes have difficulty getting out Lipofusion collects Body Structures & Functions Cells & Tissues Ch. 3 & 4 _________________ tissue becomes progressively stiff Increased difficulty receiving oxygen and nutrients Many tissues lose mass and atrophy Membranes Two thin layers of tissue together form a membrane Epithelial membranes Connective membranes Epithelial Membranes Mucous membranes Respiratory mucosa Gastric mucosa Intestinal mucosa Serous membranes (parietal and visceral) Pleural ____________________ Pericardial membrane Peritoneal membrane Cutaneous membranes Connective Membranes Synovial membrane Two layers of connective tissue Lines joint cavities Secretes synovial fluid, which prevents friction inside the joint cavity Organs An organ is tissues grouped together to form a specific function Organs coordinate their _____________ to form a complete functional organism Organ system Body Structures & Functions Cells & Tissues Ch. 3 & 4 Group of organs that acts together to perform a specific, related function Organ Systems 1. Skeletal 2. Muscular 3. Digestive 4. Respiratory 5. Cardiovascular 6. Urinary 7. Nervous 8. Endocrine 9. Reproductive 10. Integumentary 11. Lymphatic Body Systems Tissue and Organ Transplant Blood transfusions are an example of a tissue transplant All transplants (tissue and organs) must be cross-matched so recipient’s immune system will not attack the donated organ Body Structures & Functions Cells & Tissues Ch. 3 & 4 Rejection is main problem in organ transplants Disease and Injury to Tissue Infection Inflammation Trauma Abnormal growth of cells Birth defects