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Learning Objectives
1.1 Explain why both history and biography
are essential for the sociological
perspective
1.2 Trace the origins of sociology, from
tradition to Max Weber
1.3 Trace the development of sociology in
North America and explain the tension
between objective analysis and social
reform
© 2015, 2013, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Learning Objectives Continued
1.4 Explain the basic ideas of symbolic
interactionism, functional analysis, and
conflict theory
1.5 Explain why common sense can’t
replace sociological research
1.6 Know the 8 steps of the research
model
© 2015, 2013, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Learning Objectives Continued
1.7 Know the main elements of the 7
research methods: surveys, participant
observation, case studies, secondary
analysis, analysis of documents,
experiments, and unobtrusive
measures
1.8 Explain how gender is significant in
sociological research
© 2015, 2013, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Learning Objectives Continued
1.9 Explain why it is vital for sociologists to
protect the people they study; discuss
the two cases that are presented
1.10 Explain how research versus reform
and globalization are likely to influence
sociology
© 2015, 2013, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
LO 1.1 The Sociological Perspective
• Seeing the Broader Social Context
• The Global Context—and the Local
© 2015, 2013, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
LO 1.1—Seeing the Broader Social
Context
• How People Are Influenced by Their
Society
– People Who Share a Culture
– People Who Share a Territory
• Social Location
– Jobs
– Education
– Age
− Income
− Gender
− Race/Ethnicity
© 2015, 2013, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
LO 1.1—The Global Context—and the
Local
• The Global Village
• Instant Communication
– Pick up a telephone or use the Internet to
communicate instantly with people anywhere
© 2015, 2013, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
LO 1.3—The Continuing Tension:
Basic, Applied, and Public Sociology
• Basic Sociology
– Analyzing some aspect of society to only gain
knowledge
• Applied Sociology
– Using sociology to solve problems
• Public Sociology
– Using the sociological perspective for the benefit of
the public
• Social Reform is Risky
– Disrupting the status quo can be challenging
© 2015, 2013, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
© 2015, 2013, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
LO 1.4 Theoretical Perspectives in
Sociology
•
•
•
•
Symbolic Interactionism
Functional Analysis
Conflict Theory
Putting the Theoretical Perspectives
Together
• Levels of Analysis: Macro and Micro
© 2015, 2013, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
© 2015, 2013, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
LO 1.4—Symbolic Interactionism
• How People Use Symbols in Everyday Life
• Applying Symbolic Interactionism
– Changing meaning of symbols affects
expectations
• The Meaning of Marriage
• The Meaning of Divorce
• The Meaning of Parenthood
• The Meaning of Love
© 2015, 2013, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
George Herbert Mead (1863– 1931)
is one of the founders of symbolic
interactionism, a major theoretical
perspective in sociology. He taught
at the University of Chicago, where
his lectures were popular. Although
he wrote little, after his death
students compiled his lectures into
an influential book, Mind, Self, and
Society.
© 2015, 2013, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
© 2015, 2013, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
LO 1.4—Functional Analysis
• Society is a Whole Unit Made Up of
Interrelated Parts that Work Together
• Functionalism, Structural Functionalism
• Robert Merton and Functionalism
– Manifest Functions
– Latent Functions
– Latent Dysfunctions
• Applying Functional Analysis
© 2015, 2013, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Robert K. Merton (1910–2003),
who spent most of his academic
career at Columbia University,
was a major proponent of
functionalism, one of the main
theoretical perspectives in
sociology.
© 2015, 2013, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Sociologists who use the functionalist perspective stress how
industrialization and urbanization undermined the traditional functions
of the family. Before industrialization, members of the family worked
together as an economic unit, as in this photo of a farm family in
Minnesota in the 1890s. As production moved away from the home,
it took with it first the father and, more recently, the mother. One
consequence is a major dysfunction, the weakening of family ties.
© 2015, 2013, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
LO 1.4—Conflict Theory
•
•
•
•
Karl Marx and Conflict Theory
Conflict Theory Today
Feminists and Conflict Theory
Applying Conflict Theory
© 2015, 2013, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
© 2015, 2013, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
LO 1.4—Levels of Analysis: Macro and
Micro
• Functionalists and Conflict Theorists −
Macro Level
• Symbolic Interactionists − Micro Level
© 2015, 2013, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Because sociologists find
all human behavior to be
valid research topics,
Their research ranges from
the macro level of the
globalization of capitalism
to the micro level of fads
and fashion. Peer pressure
can be so strong in fads
and fashion that some
people are willing to
sacrifice their health, as
with this woman in 1899.
© 2015, 2013, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.