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Learning Objectives 1.1 Explain why both history and biography are essential for the sociological perspective 1.2 Trace the origins of sociology, from tradition to Max Weber 1.3 Trace the development of sociology in North America and explain the tension between objective analysis and social reform © 2015, 2013, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Learning Objectives Continued 1.4 Explain the basic ideas of symbolic interactionism, functional analysis, and conflict theory 1.5 Explain why common sense can’t replace sociological research 1.6 Know the 8 steps of the research model © 2015, 2013, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Learning Objectives Continued 1.7 Know the main elements of the 7 research methods: surveys, participant observation, case studies, secondary analysis, analysis of documents, experiments, and unobtrusive measures 1.8 Explain how gender is significant in sociological research © 2015, 2013, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Learning Objectives Continued 1.9 Explain why it is vital for sociologists to protect the people they study; discuss the two cases that are presented 1.10 Explain how research versus reform and globalization are likely to influence sociology © 2015, 2013, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. LO 1.1 The Sociological Perspective • Seeing the Broader Social Context • The Global Context—and the Local © 2015, 2013, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. LO 1.1—Seeing the Broader Social Context • How People Are Influenced by Their Society – People Who Share a Culture – People Who Share a Territory • Social Location – Jobs – Education – Age − Income − Gender − Race/Ethnicity © 2015, 2013, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. LO 1.1—The Global Context—and the Local • The Global Village • Instant Communication – Pick up a telephone or use the Internet to communicate instantly with people anywhere © 2015, 2013, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. LO 1.3—The Continuing Tension: Basic, Applied, and Public Sociology • Basic Sociology – Analyzing some aspect of society to only gain knowledge • Applied Sociology – Using sociology to solve problems • Public Sociology – Using the sociological perspective for the benefit of the public • Social Reform is Risky – Disrupting the status quo can be challenging © 2015, 2013, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015, 2013, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. LO 1.4 Theoretical Perspectives in Sociology • • • • Symbolic Interactionism Functional Analysis Conflict Theory Putting the Theoretical Perspectives Together • Levels of Analysis: Macro and Micro © 2015, 2013, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015, 2013, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. LO 1.4—Symbolic Interactionism • How People Use Symbols in Everyday Life • Applying Symbolic Interactionism – Changing meaning of symbols affects expectations • The Meaning of Marriage • The Meaning of Divorce • The Meaning of Parenthood • The Meaning of Love © 2015, 2013, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. George Herbert Mead (1863– 1931) is one of the founders of symbolic interactionism, a major theoretical perspective in sociology. He taught at the University of Chicago, where his lectures were popular. Although he wrote little, after his death students compiled his lectures into an influential book, Mind, Self, and Society. © 2015, 2013, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015, 2013, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. LO 1.4—Functional Analysis • Society is a Whole Unit Made Up of Interrelated Parts that Work Together • Functionalism, Structural Functionalism • Robert Merton and Functionalism – Manifest Functions – Latent Functions – Latent Dysfunctions • Applying Functional Analysis © 2015, 2013, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Robert K. Merton (1910–2003), who spent most of his academic career at Columbia University, was a major proponent of functionalism, one of the main theoretical perspectives in sociology. © 2015, 2013, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Sociologists who use the functionalist perspective stress how industrialization and urbanization undermined the traditional functions of the family. Before industrialization, members of the family worked together as an economic unit, as in this photo of a farm family in Minnesota in the 1890s. As production moved away from the home, it took with it first the father and, more recently, the mother. One consequence is a major dysfunction, the weakening of family ties. © 2015, 2013, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. LO 1.4—Conflict Theory • • • • Karl Marx and Conflict Theory Conflict Theory Today Feminists and Conflict Theory Applying Conflict Theory © 2015, 2013, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. © 2015, 2013, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. LO 1.4—Levels of Analysis: Macro and Micro • Functionalists and Conflict Theorists − Macro Level • Symbolic Interactionists − Micro Level © 2015, 2013, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Because sociologists find all human behavior to be valid research topics, Their research ranges from the macro level of the globalization of capitalism to the micro level of fads and fashion. Peer pressure can be so strong in fads and fashion that some people are willing to sacrifice their health, as with this woman in 1899. © 2015, 2013, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.