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Renaissance and Discovery
(1375-1527)
Chapter 2
A. What Was the Renaissance?
• 1. Definition
– Rebirth
– Renewed interests in Ancient Greece and Rome
– Contrast with the Middle Ages
– Europeans recovering from Plague
– New ways of looking at the world, government,
art, religion, etc.
B. Renaissance Society
• 1. An Urban Movement
– Italian cities independent
– Engaged in overseas trade, wealthy
economies
– Gave rise to powerful families like the
de Medici family
• 2. Social Status
– a) Wealthy merchants (new rich)
• Patrons of artists
• Art for purpose of entertainment
and status, not for glorification of
God (medieval), secularism
– b) Nobles (old rich)
• Conflict with merchants for
power
• Land owners
– c) Popolo (lower classes)
• Ciompi Revolt 1378
– Non-guild artisans,
laborers, and
craftsmen
– Heavy taxes
– Results in creation of
Republics
– Republics of Florence,
Rep. of Vatican, Rep.
of Venice
C. What was Humanism?
• 1. Medieval Ideas
– Religious motivations for everything (art, reading,
writing, etc)
– Focus on God
• 2. Renaissance Ideas
– a) Humanism
• Focus on potential of man (Individualism)
• Education based on Greek and Roman ideas
• Well-rounded humans, knowledgeable in all
subjects
• 3. Famous Humanists
• a) Francesco Petrarch (1304-1374)
– Interested in Greek and Roman
wisdom on government
• Civic Humanism
• The idea that humans should
use knowledge to be active
in politics and culture
– b) Platonism
• Study of Plato
– Ideal world exists,
superior to reality
– Use of logic and reason
allow humans to gain
ideal knowledge
• 4. Effects of Humanism
–a) History
• Lay people could write history
• Secular documents accepted as
sources
–b) Education
• New subjects encouraged (Grammar,
Rhetoric, Logic, Poetry, Math, Music)
• 5. Humanism and Women
– a) Middle Ages
• Few literate women,
education not
encouraged
– b) Renaissance Women
• Humanist encourage =
access of women to
education
• Women reading, writing,
grammar, etc.
• Christine de Pisan (13641430)
D. Changes in Art
• 1) Medieval Art
– Church powerful, controlled art,
education
– Religious oriented, flat, 2
dimensional
• Maddona with Child,
anonymous, c. 1200
• The Virgin Orans, 1037-61,
Mosaic, St. Sopha Cathedral,
Kiev
• Rose Window, Notre Dame
Cathedral, Paris France, c. 1260
• Simone Martini, The Miracle of
the child attacked and rescued
by Augustine Novello 1285-1344
• 2) Renaissance Art
– Church no longer dominant, art becomes
secular
– Shading and perspective create 3
dimensional images
– Perfect symmetry of man
– Subjects often poor, peasants, everyday
life
– a) Leodardo da Vinci (1452-1519)
• Vitruvian Man (1490)
• Mona Lisa (1503-1504)
– b) Raphael (1483-1520)
• School of Athens (1509-151)
– c) Michelangelo (1475-1564)
• David (1501-1504)
• Sistine Chapel
E. The Printing Press
• 1) Johannes Gutenberg
– Invented c.1440
– Moveable type
– Mass production of
documents
– Bibles, then secular
works
– Increased literacy and
spread of ideas
F. The Northern Renaissance
• 1) Characteristics
– Late 15th Century
– N. of the Alps
– Both Humanist, both
Northern focused on xianity,
while Italian Renaissance
focused on secularism and
individualism
• 2) Examples
– a) Albrecht Durer (14711528)
• Self Portrait, 1500
– b) Jan Van Eyck (1390-1441)
• Arnoltini, Wedding
Portrait, 1434
F. Renaissance Slavery
• 1) Origins
– Crusades
– Spanish and Portuguese
• 2) Characteristics
– Property
– Plantation slavery, domestic
slavery
– Ethnically varied
– Generally treated as family
during renaissance
– Female slaves often had
master’s children
Short Answer Practice
• Directions: Answer a) and b)
• a) Describe the style of painting
depicted.
– The style being depicted is that of
Northern Renaissance Art of the 15th
and 16th Century. Northern
Renaissance art reflected religious
symbolism such as the removal of
the subject’s shoes and the allseeing eye of God.
• b) Provide one different example of a
painting in the similar style as the one
depicted.
– Another example of Northern
Renaissance Art is Albrecht Durer’s
Self Portrait (1500). In his work,
Durer paints himself in the image of
Jesus of Nazareth.
G. Italy’s Decline
• 1) Italian Unity
– Treaty of Lodi (1454-55)
• Alliance btwn Naples,
Florence, and Milan
• 2) Ludovico il Moro (1494-99)
– Milanese dictator, threatened
Milan
– Asked France for help
– Ultimately a world war, with
many nations taking parts of
Italy
– France conquer much of
northern Italy, but expelled in
the end, Italy in shambles
• 3) Niccolo Machiavelli (14691527)
– Humanist, idealized Roman
society, virtue, Republicanism
– Believed in unity at any cost
– Believed strong rulers were
needed in society (dictators)
– a) The Prince 1513
• Cynical outlook on
behavior of rulers OR
advice on how to rule
people?
• Advocated any means
necessary to create unity
• 4) Desiderius Erasmus
(1466-1536)
– Northern Humanist
– Wanted to reform
church, less dogmatic,
more piety
– Translated New
Testament into Greek
and Latin
– “Erasmus laid the egg
that Luther hatched”
H. The New Monarchies
• 1. Role of the Renaissance
– European monarchs interested in
Italian Ruling methods
– Limited noble power, church under
control of Monarch
• 2. England
– Defeated in 100 Years War
– a) War of the Roses (1450s)
• House of York vs. House of
Lancaster
• 1) Henry Tudor
– Established the Star Chamber
» Court with no jury, torture
commonplace
• 3. France
– Nationalism after 100
Years War
– Charles VII (1403-1461)
• Took admin powers away
from Estates General
• Monarch control over
Church
– Louis XI (1423-83)
• Imposed the Taille or
property tax
• 4. Spain
– a) Isabella and Ferdinand
• United Spain
• Instituted Hermandades
to better control
lawlessness
• 1) The Inquisition
– Political and religious
tool to monitor
converted Jews and
Muslims in Spain
I. The Age of Discovery
• 1. The Portuguese Empire
(1415-1976)
– Goal was gold, slaves, and
spice trade
– Italy and Ottoman Empire
dominated spice trade
– a) Bartholomew Dias
• Rounded Cape of Good Hope
(1487)
– b) Vasco da Gama
• Est. trade in India (1497)
– By 1571, Portuguese empire
stretched to Nagasaki, Japan
• 2. Christopher Columbus
– 1492, landed in Haiti, renamed
Hispaniola
– Believed he had reached India
– a) Consequences of Columbus
• Established trade link btwn new
and old world
• Spurred other nations to conquer
• The Columbian Exchange
– Plants, animals, goods, and
disease btwn new and old
world
– Native American population
diminish, European population
grows bc more food
• 3. The Spanish Empire
– a) Hernan Cortes
• Conquered Aztecs in Mexico
(1519)
• In search of Gold, defeated
Moctezuma 1521
– b) Francisco Pizarro
• Conquered Incas in Peru
• Defeated Atahualpa 1533
– Conquests of Mexico and
S.A., large #’s of natives
defeated by small armed
European armies
• 4. The Role of the Church in Spanish America
– Missionaries believed in Erasmus “philosophy of
Christ”
– Struggle btwn conquest and conversion
– Bartolomeo de Las Casas
• Outspoken critic of harsh Native American treatment
• The Black Legend
• 5. Spanish Society in America
– Forced labor in mining and agriculture
– The Encomienda
• Spanish system of controlling Native American
labor
• Harsh conditions, debt peonage, exploitation
• 6. Impact on Europe
– Questioning of old ideas
– Inflation of currency
– Emergence of Capitalism