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East Meets West The Crusades The Crusades Are: a long series of wars between Christians and Muslims They Fought Over: control of Jerusalem, which was called the Holy Land Holy Land: it was the region where Jesus had lived, preached and died Causes: 1: Adventure: There was an entire class of warriors who now had very little to do and were bored. A plea for help from the Byzantine Emperor Alexius I in opposing Muslim attacks thus appealed to their sense of adventure 2. Papal Politics: There was a division of the Christian Church into Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic. The primary cause for this division or split was a dispute over papal authority 3. European Expansionism: The Europeans or Christians were expanding or moving into and taking Muslim territory 4. Muslim Advances: The Turks (or Muslims as either term can be used) as many of the Turks were Muslim The Turks disrupted pilgrim traffic The Turks stopped the Christians who were making religious journeys or pilgrimages and those Christians were called pilgrims The Christians took land and the Muslims stopped the pilgrimages and trade Who Called For the Crusades? Pope Urban II called for the defeat of the Turks and the returning of the Holy Land to the Christians Who Fought for the “Cause”? The Crusades were fought by everyone – feudal lords, knights, and peasants since it was a religious war and not one based on a class The First Crusade (1096-1099) This was fought by a peasant army They were untrained and lacked military equipment Many of them were killed by the Muslim Turks The Knights succeeded in capturing Jerusalem Second Crusade (1147-1149) After the victory, many of the Christians went back home The Turks eventually took back much of the territory that the Christians had won in the First Crusade Saladin, the Muslim military leader leads the Turks to victory defeating the Christians Third Crusade (1189-1192) King Richard convinces the Turks to allow Christians to visit the Holy Land as a way to share the land Children’s Crusade: There were 30,000 soldiers under the age of 12. They took a pilgrimage to ask the Pope if they could fight in the Crusades. Many of the children never made it to the Holy Land as they died during the journey. The Pope said no to their request. The Crusades Died Out: The Crusades die out mainly 1.) due to a lack of interest as they weren’t going very well, 2.) rising European prosperity - the people were becoming wealthy 3.) repeated military defeats as the Christians kept losing Effects of Crusades: weakening of the Byzantine Empire increase in cultural horizons or the blending or uniting of cultures stimulated Mediterranean trade the development of banking techniques – there was the need to carry lots of money due to the increase in trade romantic and imaginative literature new types of knowledge introduced introduced – construction weakening of nobility with the rise of the merchant class or the middle class that begins to rise up and gain power