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Biology 30 Reading Notes Section 20.1 Pages 704 - 715 Name:____________________ POPULATION GROWTH ____________ density is defined as the number of ______________ organisms in a given __________ or ________. Give the equation of population density: DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS Distribution patterns are influenced by the distribution of ___________ in a habitat and the ______________ among members of a ___________ or members of a _____________. __________ distribution in a habitat is characterized by individuals or pairs of organisms distributed throughout a ____________ habitat with __________ identifiable pattern. It occurs when resources are ____________ and members of a population _________ have to compete with one another or group together for survival. Random distribution in nature is rare. An example is the summer population of individual bull moose and female moose (Alces alces) with calves. In __________ distribution, members of a population are found in groups within their habitat. Most populations exhibit a __________ pattern of distribution, congregating in an area where ___________, _____________, or ___________ is most abundant. Members of the population are grouped together for _____________ and ____________ scarce resources. Examples of clumped distribution cited in the text are humans, ____________ (Populus tremuloides), and the ___________ (Physella johnsoni.) In uniform distribution, members of a species are ____________ spaced over a habitat. The members __________ direct competition over resources by ____________ up the territory. Examples of this pattern are ______________ and other organisms that how territoriality to ________________ their resources and protect their ______________. The golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) is a specific example of a species exhibiting uniform distribution. POPULATION GROWTH The four processes that affect population size are __________(b), _______________ (i), __________ (d), and _________ (e). Give the change in population growth formula: _________________ ____________ ____________ (gr) refers to the change in population size (_N) over a specific time frame (_t). The ________ __________ growth rate (cgr) takes into account the ____________ size of the population and is determined by calculating the __________ in population size (_N) during a given time interval (_t), and then dividing the change in population size by the _____________ _____________ of individuals in the population (N). FACTORS THAT AFFECT POPULATION GROWTH The __________ ______________ (r) of a population is its highest possible ________________________ rate. Four factors that determine the _________ potential of a species are (1) the ___________ of offspring per __________ cycle; (2) the _____________ of offspring that survive long enough to _____________; (3) the __________ of reproductive maturity and the ___________ of times that the individuals reproduce in a ____________; and (4) the life span of the ___________. An _____________ growth pattern is a growth pattern that begins with a brief _________ phase (slower growth), followed by much more ___________ growth as the number of _____________ capable of reproducing continues to _____________. This type of growth pattern has a _____________ curve on a line graph. A population growing at its ______________ potential would be expected to follow an ______________ growth pattern. In the beginning, the growth of a small population is __________ since only a ________ individuals ___________. The small initial population constitutes the “_____ phase,” shown by a gentle ___________ in the curve. As __________ organisms reproduce, the population will grow in greater and greater ___________, exhibited by a ___________ increase in the growth curve. Because the __________ rate during this phase of _____________ growth is much greater than the ____________ rate, the population size ____________ rapidly. CARRYING CAPACITY ____________________ (K) is the theoretical _____________ population size that an environment can sustain over an extended period of time. It represents the number of _________________ in a population that can live in a given _______________ without depleting the _____________ they need or harming their habitat or ___________. Density-__________ factors are ____________; that is, they are directly related to __________ organisms. These factors have a greater impact when population density is _________. Examples of density-dependent factors include ___________ and ___________ (which spread more rapidly in a dense population), scarcity of __________ due to intense _____________, and increased predation, since a dense population means there is an abundance of ________ for ____________. Density-______________ factors, which are ___________ and _________ the growth of a population, regardless of its size or __________. They include extreme __________, drought, _____________, forest fires, and destruction of ____________ through _____________ intervention. _____________________ __________________ to population growth refers to the combined effects of interacting ______________ factors. Environmental resistance ____________ a population from growing to its biotic potential and determines the ___________ _____________ of the habitat. LIFE STRATEGIES ____________-selected life strategies live close to their _________ potential _____________ offspring per reproductive cycle offspring receive _________ or no _____________ care __________ life span early ________________ age _________________ on favourable ________________ conditions _____________-selected life strategies live close to the ___________ ____________ of their environment _________ offspring per reproductive cycle one or both ___________ care for their young _________ life span _________ reproductive age _________ dependent on favourable _______________ conditions