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Unit 3 VERBS Mental, Physical & State of Being Verbs Mental verbs have meanings that are related to concepts such as discovering, understanding, thinking, or planning. Physical verbs are action verbs. They describe specific physical actions. • I know the answer. • She recognized me from across the room. • Do you believe everything people tell you? • Let’s run to the corner and back. • I hear the train coming. • Call me when you’re finished with class. Also known as linking verbs, state of being verbs describe conditions or situations that exist. State of being verbs are inactive since no action is being performed. • I am a student. • We are circus performers. • This place is quiet. Action Verbs Action Verbs are verbs that express action. Ex: run, walk, do, drive. I’ll do my homework when I get home. Most action verbs are defined as transitive or intransitive 1. Transitive verbs always receive a direct object: • Richard annoys his boss so much that he’ll never get a promotion. (His boss is the direct object of annoys and a promotion is the direct object of get) • Jenna brings Mrs. Smith lunch every day. (Mrs. Smith is the direct object of brings. Jenna is the subject. 2. Intransitive verbs do not need a direct object in order to complete their meaning. Many are followed by an adjective, adverb, preposition or verb complement •If Cathy continues to be late for work, the boss will fire her. (Continues is followed by an infinitive (to be), with no direct object.) •The bomb exploded in the city center. (Exploded is followed by a preposition of place with no direct object.) Auxiliary/Helping Verbs Auxiliary (or Helping) verbs are used together with a main verb to show the verb’s tense or to form a negative or question. The combination of one or more helping verbs is called a verb phrase. Elmer was using the computer. Helping verbs perform a number of action to support the main or action verb. • • • • • By expressing tense ( providing a time reference, i.e. past, present, or future) Grammatical aspect (expresses how verb relates to the flow of time) Modality (quantifies verbs) Voice (describes the relationship between the action expressed by the verb and the participants identified by the verb’s subject, object, etc.) Adds emphasis to a sentence There are just three common auxiliary verbs: Have Do Be Auxiliary/Helping Verbs- Have Has, have, had, having “Have” is a very important verb that can stand alone in all its tenses, It is usually used to denote ownership, and it can also be used to discuss ability or describe appearance. “Have” is also a very popular substitute for the verbs “eat” and “drink.” For example: “Let’s have dinner.” • Ram has a large coffee stain on his shirt. → Has = action verb • Ram has bought a new shirt to replace the one that was ruined earlier. → Has = auxiliary verb; bought is a past participle that competes the verb phrase. • Ram should have been more careful! → Have = auxiliary verb; phrase “should have been” expresses time and evaluates Jerry’s actions. Auxiliary/Helping Verbs- Do to do, do, does, done, did, do not, does not, did not . Do” can be used as an action verb that stands alone in all its tenses. When used as an auxiliary verb, do is always paired up with another verb to create a complete verb phrase. • • • Because he spills things so often, Ram does more laundry than most people. → Does = action verb Ram didn’t put his coffee in a cup with a lid. → Didn’t = auxiliary verb Ram doesn’t always spill things, but it happens a lot. → Doesn’t = auxiliary verb • In some cases, it is used to add emphasis: “I did put the garbage out!” • It is also used in sentences, where the main verb is understood and is omitted as a result. For example: “He plays piano well, doesn’t he?” or “They all had dinner, but I didn’t.” Auxiliary/Helping Verbs- Be be, to be, been, being, am, are, is, was, were, was not, are not, were not. “Be” can be used as an action verb that stands alone in all its tense. When used as an auxiliary verb, be is always paired with another verb to create a complete verb phrase. It can be singular or plural, present or past. Negative sentences are formed by adding the word “not”. • Ram is messy. → Is = action verb • Although he is always complaining about his accidents, Ram fails to pay attention. → is = auxiliary verb • Ram is going to be doing extra laundry for the rest of his life. → to be = auxiliary verb Auxiliary/Helping Verbs- Modals Can, Could, May, Might, Must, Ought to, Shall, Should, Will, Would In addition to the three main auxiliary verbs, have, do, and be, there are additional auxiliary verbs. These are called modal auxiliary verbs, and they never change form. • Tom can write poetry very well → can = modal, write = action verb • I could fly via Amsterdam if I leave the day before. → could = modal, fly = action verb • You may not wear sandals to work. → may not = modal, wear = action verb • Our company might get the order if the client agrees to the price. → might = modal, get = main verb • I must finish this project by tonight. . → must = modal, finish = action verb • I ought to visit my aunt during summer break. → ought to = modal, visit = action verb • We shall overcome some day. → shall = modal, overcome = action verb • I should have been more cautious. → should = modal, have been = main verb • We will not tolerate injustice. → will not = modal, tolerate = main verb • Would you mind if I sat here? → would = modal, mind = main verb Auxiliary/Helping Verbs 23 helping verbs may being do should have will might been does could has shall must be am did would had can is are was were (Main) (Main) (Main) Verb Tenses A verb tense indicates the time of an action, event or condition by changing its form. Based on time frame The verb tenses may be categorized according to the time frame: • • • Present Tense Past Tense Future Tense Based on Aspect Verb tenses may also be categorized according to aspect. Aspect refers to the nature of the action described by the verb. There are four aspects: • • • • • Indefinite or Simple Continuous or Progressive Perfect or Complete Perfect Continuous Verb Tenses • Indefinite Tense: The three indefinite tenses, or simple tenses, describe an action but do not state whether the action is finished. • Continuous Tense: The three continuous tenses, incomplete tenses, or progressive tenses, describe an unfinished action. • Perfect Tense: The three complete tenses, or perfect tenses, describe a finished action. • Perfect Continuous Tense: To combine the complete tenses and the incomplete tenses, to describe an action which was in progress and then finished Verb Tenses Verb Tenses Present Present simple Present Continuous Present Perfect Present Perfect Cont. Past Past simple Past Continuous Past Perfect Past Perfect Cont. Future Future simple Future Continuous Future Perfect Future Perfect Cont. Verb Tenses Simple Continuous Perfect Perfect Continuous Present 1st form + s / es am/is/are + 1st form + ing have/has + 3rd form have/has + been + 1st form + ing Past 2nd form was/were + 1st form + ing had + 3rd form had been + 1st form + ing Future will/shall + 1st form will be + 1st form + ing will have + 3rd will have + form been + 1st form + ing Verb Tenses Present Simple: Present Perfect: • • • • • • • • Positive: Most kids like milk. Negative: I do not like milk unless it’s chocolate. Yes/No Questions: Do you like milk? Wh-Questions: When do we board the train for Paris? Tag Questions: You like scuba diving, don’t you? • • Positive:They have been to Paris. Negative:You haven’t gone overseas. Yes/No Questions:Have you been to London? Wh-Questions:Why are we here? Tag Questions:You haven’t been to Zurich, have you? Present Perfect Continuous Present Continuous • • • • • • Positive: You are learning to use perfect English. Negative:You are not sleeping now. Yes/No Questions: Are you eating? Wh-Questions: What are you watching? Tag Questions: You aren’t eating liverwurst, are you? • • • • Positive:They have been swimming for more than an hour. Negative:You haven’t waited thirty minutes yet. Yes/No Questions:Have you been waiting long? Wh-Questions:What time did you begin waiting? Tag Questions:You haven’t been waiting long, have you? Verb Tenses Past Simple: Past Perfect: • • • • • • Positive:I visited my grandmother yesterday. Negative:We didn’t watch the movie on Saturday. Yes/No Questions:Did you have spaghetti for dinner last night? Wh-Questions:Why didn’t you wash the car yesterday? Tag Questions:You went to Paris last year, didn’t you? • • • • Positive:He had studied French before traveling to Paris. Negative: She hadn’t studied French before last semester. Yes/No Questions:Had you studied French before you traveled to Paris? Wh-Questions:Why hadn’t you studied French when you knew you’d be traveling to Paris soon? Tag Questions:You hadn’t visited the U.S. before your trip in 2010, had you? Past Continuous Past Perfect Continuous • • • • Positive:We were watching TV when the power went out. Negative:You were not listening to the teacher’s instructions yesterday. Yes/No Questions:Were you skateboarding when you broke your leg? Wh-Questions:What were you doing when you heard the news? • • • • Positive:We had been waiting for more than three hours when the train finally arrived. Negative:We had not been waiting for more than thirty minutes when her plane landed. Yes/No Questions:Had you been waiting for longer than three hours? Wh-Questions:Why had you been waiting Verb Tenses Future Simple: Future Perfect: Be Going To:We are going to the movies tonight. Shall: I shall help your grandmother later. • You will have perfected your French by the time you come back from Paris. Future Continuous Future Perfect Continuous Present Simple and Present Progressive with Future Meaning:Sam will be coming home any minute. • We will be waiting for him when his plan arrives tonight. Irregular Verbs Irregular verbs are verbs that don’t take on the regular –d, -ed, or -ied spelling patterns of the past simple or past participle . Many of the irregular past simple and past participle forms are the same. such as: cut – cut, had – had, let – let, hurt – hurt, fed- fed, sold-sold . Here are nine that are used more often than the rest. Go, Get, Say, See, Think, Make, Take, Come, Know • Go get your brother. It’s time to eat dinner.→ In this example, all three irregular verbs (go, get, and eat) are in base form. • I awoke to find that a spider had bitten me. Although the wound didn’t bleed, it itched terribly.→ In this example, the irregular verb awoke is the past simple form of “awake.” Bitten is past participle form of “bite” and bleed is base form. Gerunds and Infinitives A gerund is a verb in its ing (present participle) form that functions as a noun that names an activity rather than a person or thing. Any action verb can be made into a gerund. • Daniel quit smoking a year ago. • Jogging is a hobby of mine • I look forward to helping you paint the house • Paul avoids using chemicals on the vegetables he grows. An infinitive is a verb form that acts as other parts of speech in a sentence. It is formed with to + base form of the verb. • Jim always forgets to eat. • To travel around the world requires a lot of time and money. • Tara has the ability to succeed. Now take the assessment on Verbs!