Download Sem 2 Course Review

Physical Science Semester 2 Course Review
Name__________________________ Date___________ Per___
Unit 1: Chemistry in the Environment: Water
Essential questions:
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What properties of water make it essential for life on Earth?
How is clean, fresh water produced in nature?
What percentage of the Earth’s water is fresh water available for use by living organisms?
How has human activity negatively impacted the world’s water supply?
What is being done to reverse this impact?
What will be the impact of continued water pollution and overuse on humans, and natural ecosystems?
What are some ways that salt water can be used to create freshwater for human use? How is the environment affected by
this technology?
Key vocabulary:
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Cohesion
Hydrologic cycle
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Adhesion
Biotechnology
Solvent
Desalination
Practice:
1)
What is the purpose of the hydrologic cycle? ___________________________________________________________________
2) Describe what happens during each of these steps in the hydrologic cycle:
Evaporation
Condensation
Precipitation
3) How are Earth’s water resources distributed?
________% saltwater;
Runoff
-------------% liquid (lakes, rivers, aquifers, etc..)
-------------% freshwater ________% solid (ice caps and glaciers)
4) Explain the special property of water that enables fish to survive in lakes that freeze in the winter.
5) Describe the effect large bodies of water have on the temperature of their surroundings.
6) Identify sources of groundwater and surface water pollution.
Groundwater
Surface water
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Physical Science Semester 1 Course Review
Name__________________________ Date___________ Per___
7) Describe some methods used to clean polluted water, including the use of BIOTECHNOLOGY.
8) Describe the process of desalination and list some of the environmental impacts associated with it.
Unit 2: Chemistry in the Environment: Atmosphere
Essential questions:
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What are the natural components of our atmosphere?
What are ways that human activity has negatively affected the atmosphere?
What are ways that human activity has contributed to the pollution that causes smog and acid rain?
What are some effects of smog and acid rain on the environment?
What has been done or is being done to reduce the pollution that causes smog and acid rain?
What are ways that human activity has affected the balance of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere?
What are some effects of increased greenhouse gas concentrations on the environment?
What has been done or is being done to reduce the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere?
What are ways that human activity has contributed to the reduction of the ozone layer?
What are some effects of the reduced ozone layer on the environment?
What has been done or is being done to repair the ozone layer?
Key vocabulary:
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Greenhouse gas
Acid rain
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Fossil fuels
Ozone
Smog
Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC)
Practice:
1.
2.
Identify the primary components of the atmosphere and their relative amounts:
_____________________________________ ___________%
_____________________________________ ___________%
_____________________________________ ___________%
_____________________________________ ___________%
Complete the chart below:
Causes
Effects
How to reduce / repair
Acid rain
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Physical Science Semester 1 Course Review
Name__________________________ Date___________ Per___
Greenhouse
gasses
Ozone layer
depletion
Unit 3: Alternative Energy Sources
Essential questions:
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What are some alternatives to using fossil fuels for energy?
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What are the costs and benefits of each, including environmental impacts?
Key vocabulary:
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Renewable resource
Geothermal
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Nonrenewable resource
Hydroelectric
Practice:
1.
Compare and contrast the energy sources listed below:
Description / Source
Benefits
Fossil fuels
Renewable or
nonrenewable?
Drawbacks
Environmental Impact
Wind
Renewable or
nonrenewable?
Solar
Renewable or
nonrenewable?
Tidal
Renewable or
nonrenewable?
Hydroelectric
Renewable or
nonrenewable?
Geothermal
Renewable or
nonrenewable?
Hydrogen cells
Renewable or
nonrenewable?
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Physical Science Semester 1 Course Review
Name__________________________ Date___________ Per___
Unit 4: Kinematics - Motion
Essential questions:
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What is a frame of reference?
How is a frame of reference used in measuring motion?
What are scalar and vector quantities?
What are position, distance, and displacement and how do they relate?
What are speed and velocity and how do they compare?
What is acceleration and how does it relate to velocity and time?
Key vocabulary:
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Reference frame
Reference point
Origin
Scalar quantity
Vector quantity
Distance
Displacement
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Speed
Velocity
Acceleration
Practice:
1.
The table below contains a list of quantities. Complete the table by filling in each empty cell with the appropriate symbol, unit,
or example. I the last column indicate the type of quantity by writing vector or scalar. One cell in each column has been filled
out as an example.
Quantity
Symbol
Unit
Example
Type of Quantity
meter
distance
displacement
speed
velocity
v
15 m/s East
acceleration
2.
vector
An athlete runs half way around a circular track in the clockwise direction as shown
at right.
a. Using a highlighter, first highlight the word “distance” in the diagram and then,
using the same highlighter, draw a line showing the distance traveled by the
athlete.
b. Using a different color highlighter, first highlight the word “displacement” in the
diagram and then, using the new highlighter, draw an arrow showing the
displacement of the athlete.
3.
If a car travels 200 m to the east in 8.0 s what is the cars average velocity?
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Physical Science Semester 1 Course Review
Name__________________________ Date___________ Per___
Use the information below with questions 4 – 6.
A man is jogging at a speed of 1.0 m/s along a straight level path when a dog traveling at 5.0 m/s passes him.
4.
How far along the path will the man jog in the 20 seconds after the dog passes him?
5.
How far along the path will the dog run in the same 20 seconds?
6.
How much farther than the man does the dog travel in the 20 seconds after it passes him?
Use the information below with question 7 - 9.
A car starting from rest accelerates to a velocity of 25 m/s west in 15 s.
7.
What is the initial velocity of the car? _______________
8.
What is the cars change in velocity? _______________
9.
What is the acceleration of the car? _______________
Use the information below to answer question 8.
The graphs below represent the motion of three different objects traveling along a straight path over a ten second period of time.
Object A
Object B
Object C
10. What is the velocity of each of the objects?
Object A _______________
Object B _______________
Object C _______________
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Physical Science Semester 1 Course Review
Name__________________________ Date___________ Per___
11. Sketch a position vs. time graph and a velocity vs. time graph for each of the following objects.
a. A motorcycle moving at constant speed in the positive direction.
b. A motorcycle speeding up in the positive direction.
c. A motorcycle decreasing in velocity while moving in the positive direction.
d. A motorcycle at rest.
Unit 5: Speed of Light
Essential questions:
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What is the fastest speed with which anything can move?
Key vocabulary:
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vacuum
Practice:
1.
Electromagnetic waves, including light, travel the fastest through ______________. Nothing travels ____________ than this.
2.
A person moving at one third the speed of light (0.33C) turns on a flashlight. The person measures the speed of the light to be
C. What would an observer who is not moving measure the speed of the light from the flashlight to be?
Unit 6: Dynamics - Forces
Essential questions:
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What forces exist in nature?
Over what range do they act?
How do they relate to one another in terms of relative strength?
What is a force?
What are examples of balanced and unbalanced forces?
What is inertia?
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Physical Science Semester 1 Course Review
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Name__________________________ Date___________ Per___
How does inertia relate to mass?
What does Newton’s first law of motion tell us about bodies with no unbalanced force acting upon them?
Why is Newton’s first law called the law of inertia?
What does Newton’s second law of motion tell us about bodies with unbalanced force acting upon them?
What are resistive forces?
What are fluid resistive forces and how do they work?
What is friction and how does it work?
What does Newton’s third law of motion tell us about the forces acting on a body?
How do mass & distance affect the gravitational force between 2 objects?
What is free fall?
What is free fall acceleration near the surface of the earth?
How are weight and gravitational force related?
What is the relationship between mass and weight?
Key vocabulary:
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force
inertia
mass
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weight
free fall
balanced forces
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unbalanced forces
friction
Practice:
1.
List the four fundamental forces from weakest to strongest.
2.
State the range over which each of the four fundamental forces acts.
3.
State Newton’s First Law.
4.
Newton’s first law is also known as the “Law of _________________”.
5.
Provide three examples of balanced forces acting on an object. Remember that an object will not accelerate under the
influence of balanced forces.
6.
According to Newton’s first law if there are no unbalanced forces on an object it will either be at _____________ or moving in a
________________ line at _____________________ speed.
7.
State Newton’s second law.
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Physical Science Semester 1 Course Review
8.
Name__________________________ Date___________ Per___
Newton’s second law is known as the formulae _________________.
a
9.
Describe the relationship between force (F) and acceleration (a) as it is represented in the formula
F
m.
10. If the force causing a mass to accelerate is multiplied by a number while keeping the mass the same, what happens to the
acceleration of the object?
a
11. Describe the relationship between mass (m) and acceleration (a) as it is represented in the formula
F
m.
12. Provide three examples of unbalanced forces acting on an object. Remember that an object will accelerate under the influence
of an unbalanced force.
Use the information below with questions 13 - 16.
m
If an object of mass, m, is pushed by a force, F, it accelerates at a rate of 6.0 /s
13. What would the acceleration of the object be if the force was tripled while keeping the mass the same? _______________
14. What would the acceleration of the object be if the force was halved while keeping the mass the same? _______________
15. What would the acceleration of the object be if the mass was tripled while keeping the force the same? _______________
16. What would the acceleration of the object be if the mass was halved while keeping the force the same? _______________
m
17. What force must be applied to cause a 2.0 kg object to accelerate across a level, frictionless surface at 4.0 /s2?
18. State Newton’s third law.
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Physical Science Semester 1 Course Review
Name__________________________ Date___________ Per___
19. Explain how Newton’s laws are involved in each of the following situations.
a. A book at rest on a table (Newton’s first and third laws).
b. A skydiver falling at constant velocity after opening her parachute (Newton’s first and third laws).
c. A cart being accelerated from rest by a person pushing on it (Newton’s second and third laws).
d. The space shuttle during launch (Newton’s second and third laws)
20. Which of the situations in the previous question involve balanced forces and which involved unbalanced forces?
21. Two masses M and m are separated by a distance d. Describe what would happen to the force due to gravity between the two
masses in each of the following situations.
a. Mass m is increased.
b. Mass M is decreased.
c. Distance d is increased.
d. Distance d is decreased.
22. What determines the mass of an object?
23. What determines the weight of an object?
24. An object of mass m and weight W on Earth is moved to a planet where the acceleration due to gravity is twice what it is on
Earth.
a. What would happen to the mass of the object? (Explain your answer.)
b. What would happen to the weight of the object? (Explain your answer.)
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Physical Science Semester 1 Course Review
Name__________________________ Date___________ Per___
Unit 7: Work, Power, Energy
Essential questions:
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How is the term “work” defined in the physical sciences?
How is the amount of work done by a force calculated?
What is power?
How is power calculated?
What is energy?
What are the forms of energy?
What is potential energy?
What is kinetic energy?
How is mechanical energy defined?
What is the connection between the three forms of mechanical energy?
What determines whether a system is open or closed?
What is an isolated system?
How does the law of conservation of energy apply to energy transformations?
Key vocabulary:
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work
power
energy
kinetic energy
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potential energy
gravitational potential energy
elastic potential energy
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open system
closed system
isolated system
mechanical energy
Practice:
1.
State whether any work is being done by the force in each of the following situations and explain your answer. Note: The angle
between the force, F, and the distance, d, in situation c. is 90.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
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Physical Science Semester 1 Course Review
Name__________________________ Date___________ Per___
2.
A man pushes his car with a force of 100.0 N through a distance of 20 .0 m, how much work does the man do on his car?
3.
Write the formulae for gravitational potential energy and describe what each variable stands for. PEG = ___________________
4.
Calculate the gravitational potential energy of each of the following objects.
a. A 5.0 kg object 5.0 meters above the ground.
b. A 5.0 kg object 10.0 meters above the ground.
c. A 10.0 kg object 5.0 meters above the ground.
5.
Write the formulae for kinetic energy and describe what each variable stands for. KE = ___________________
6.
Calculate the kinetic energy of each of the following objects.
a. A 5.0 kg object moving at 5.0 m/s.
b. A 10.0 kg object moving at 5.0 m/s.
c. A 5.0 kg object moving at 10.0 m/s.
7.
In the previous problem what caused a bigger change in the kinetic energy of the object, doubling the mass or doubling the
speed? Explain your answer.
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Physical Science Semester 1 Course Review
8.
Name__________________________ Date___________ Per___
An object of mass m is released from rest at position A in the diagram at right. Assume that
there is no air resistance or friction.
a. Where does the object have the most potential energy? Explain your answer.
b. Where does the object have the most kinetic energy? Explain your answer.
c. Where is the kinetic energy of the object equal to its potential energy? Explain your
answer.
d. If the object loses no energy to its surrounding as it moves from A to E how does its
mechanical energy at point A compare to its mechanical energy at positions B – E.
9.
Is the object falling to Earth in the previous problem part of an open, closed, or isolated system? Explain your answer.
10. Considering open, closed, and isolated systems, most systems in the real world are ________________ systems. Explain why
this is the most common type of system.
Unit 8: Waves
Essential questions:
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What is a wave?
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What kinds of waves exist in nature?
How is one type of wave distinguished from another?
What are the characteristics of waves?
How are frequency and period related?
What determines the speed of a wave?
How does relative motion between the source of a wave and an observer effect the observation of the wave?
Key vocabulary:
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wave
crest
trough
amplitude
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wavelength
frequency
period
mechanical wave
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electromagnetic wave
transverse wave
longitudinal wave
surface wave
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Physical Science Semester 1 Course Review
Name__________________________ Date___________ Per___
Practice:
1.
On the axis provided below draw a diagram of a wave. Label your diagram with the crest (c), trough (t), amplitude (A), and
wavelength (λ).
2.
Compare and contrast mechanical and electromagnetic waves.
3.
What determines the frequency of a wave?
4.
What determines the speed of a wave?
5.
What determines the wavelength of a wave?
6.
The table below shows the frequency (f) and the wavelength (λ) for three different waves. Determine the speed (v) and period
(T) of the waves. Show your work and use appropriate units.
f = 10.0 Hz
v = ___________
λ = 10.0 m
T = ___________
f = 2.0 Hz
v = ___________
λ = 0.10 m
T = ___________
f = 1000 Hz
v = ___________
λ = 2.0 m
T = ___________
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Physical Science Semester 1 Course Review
7.
Name__________________________ Date___________ Per___
An object making noise such as a train blowing its horn or an ambulance using its siren approaches, passes, and then moves
away from you. Describe what you would hear in each of the following situations in terms of the pitch of the sound you would
hear if the object were at rest next to you.
a. The object is approaching you.
b. The object is passing you.
c. The object is moving away from you.
8.
the effect described in the previous question is known as the ________________________ effect
Unit 9: Electricity
Essential questions:
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What types of materials allow electricity to flow and what types do not?
Why are some materials classified as semiconductors?
What are some uses of semiconductors?
What are the factors that affect the flow of electricity through a conductor?
What is electrical power?
Key vocabulary:
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Conductor
Diode
Voltage
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Semiconductor
Transistor
Resistance
Insulator
Current
Electrical power
Practice:
1.
Compare and contrast conductors, insulators, and semiconductors and list examples of each
Examples:
Conductor
Insulator
Examples:
Examples:
Semiconductor
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Physical Science Semester 1 Course Review
2.
Name__________________________ Date___________ Per___
Solve these electrical problems for current using the equation: I  V (current equals voltage divided by resistance).
R
a.
What is the current through a system with a 9-volt battery and 3Ω of resistance?
b.
What is the current through a system with a 6-volt battery and 1.2Ω of resistance?
3. Solve these electrical problems for resistance using the equation:
(resistance equals voltage divided by current).
a. What resistance is applied by a light bulb if 3 volts in the system creates 4 amps of current?
b. What is the resistance of a wire if 12 volts in the system creates 4 amps of current?
4.
Solve these electrical problems for resistance using the equation: P = VI (power equals potential difference times current).
a.
What is the power through an appliance if a 9-volt battery creates 2.5 amps of current?
b.
How much power is created by a 12-volt battery that creates 3 amps of current?
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