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Skeletal System 206 Total Bones Cranium Mandible Clavicle Sternum Scapula Humerus Rib Vertebral Column Pelvis Ulna Radius Sacrum Carpals Coccyx Metacarpals Phalanges Femur Patella Tibia Fibula Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges Skeletal System Information Appendicular System 126 bones Axial System 80 bones Functions of the Skeletal System • Framework of the body • Supports and protects the internal organs • Facilitates Movement • Mineral storage: calcium and phosphorus • Hematopoiesis: Formation of blood Interesting Bone Facts • The longest bone in your body is the bone above your knee, the thighbone. • Your funny bone isn’t a bone at all. • When you were born, you had more than 300 bones. By the time you stop growing, you’ll have 206. • Your bones are living. They grow as you get older. Examples of each type of bone • Long bone • Femur, tibia, fibula, humerus, ulna, radius, clavicle • Short bones • Carpals, tarsals, metacarpals, metatarsals, phalanges • Flat Bones • Cranial Bones, Facial Bones, Scapula, Sternum • Irregular bone • Vertebrae, Ribs, Ear, Hip, Hyoid Classification of Bones on the Basis of Shape Figure 5.1 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Types of Bones • Long Bone Head – Body - Head • Flat Bone Provides Protection • Short Bone As wide as they are long • Irregular Bone bones which do not fall into any other category Types Of Joints Pivot Hinge Top of the neck Elbow/Knee Ball & Socket Shoulder/Hip Gliding Intercarpal joints Connective Tissues • Cartilage – • Ligament – • Tendon – • Allows joints to move easily, cushions bones, and supports soft tissue • Hold bones in place at the joints • Joins muscle to muscle or muscle to bone Vertebral Column • Cervical Vertebrae (7) • Thoracic Vertebrae (12) • Lumbar Vertebrae (5) • Sacrum • Coccyx Sinal Cavities Types of Fractures Fractures are often classified according to the position of the bone ends after the break: Open Fracture Bone ends penetrate the skin Closed Fracture A Fracture that does not break the skin Greenstick Fracture Only one side of the bone is broken, mostly seen in children Transverse Fracture Break at a right angle and caused by direct traumatic injury Spiral Fracture Bone broke because of a twisting type motion Sports injury or abuse injury. Oblique Fracture Rarest form of fractures, the break is at an angle. Conditions of the Skeletal System Osteoporosis Bones become fragile and more likely to break Osteoarthritis Joint disorder where the cartilage is wearing away Osteomalacia & Rickets • Osteomalacia – Literally “soft bones.” – Causes can include insufficient dietary calcium , vitamin D or exposure to sun light. • Rickets – Children's form of osteomalacia – More detrimental due to the fact that their bones are still growing. – Signs include bowed legs, and deformities of the pelvis, ribs, and skull. Osteomyelitis • Osteomyelitis – Osteo=bone + myelo=marrow + itis=inflammation. – Caused by pus-forming bacteria that enter the body via a wound or migrate from a nearby infection. – Fatal before the advent of antibiotics. Osteoporosis – Often seen in postmenopausal women because they experience a rapid decline in estrogen secretion; Clinical conditions • Gigantism – Childhood hypersecretion of growth hormone by the pituitary gland causes excessive growth. • Acromegaly – Adulthood hypersecretion of GH causes overgrowth of bony areas still responsive to GH such as the bones of the face, feet, and hands. • Pituitary dwarfism – GH deficiency in children resulting in extremely short long bones and maximum stature of 4 feet. Rickets • Rickets is the softening and weakening of bones in children, usually because of an extreme and prolonged vitamin D deficiency. • Some skeletal deformities caused by rickets may need corrective surgery. Arthritis • Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a long-term disease that leads to inflammation of the joints and surrounding tissues Gouty arthritis • Gout is a disease that results from an overload of uric acid in the body. Chronic gout can also lead to deposits of hard lumps of uric acid in and around the joints and may cause joint destruction, decreased kidney function, and kidney stones. Pharmacology • Bisphosphonates: used to treat/prevent osteoporosis. Examples: Fosamax, Boniva • NSAIDS (Non-Steriodal Antiinflammatory Drugs): used to treat inflammation and pain from arthritis. Examples: Ibuprofen, Naproxen